Search Results

Electric vehicles are alternative transport to conventional gas-powered cars. Here's an overview of how they're made and operated, from sourcing raw material to structure and operation, to catching solar power with paint. Fossil Fuels: Ecology & Economy Nickel (Ni): Metallurgy Facts & Folklore Carbon Dioxide (CO2): the Good & the Bad Renault Tresor concept car Electric Vehicles: Creation Design and Engineering An electric vehicle comes together long before it hits the assembly line. Engineers and designers start extensive planning and prototyping using computer-aided design (CAD) software to create exacting blueprints for the vehicle’s body, electrical systems and battery storage. This stage includes simulations to ensure that vehicle is aerodynamically efficient and meets safety standards. Choice of materials makes a difference. Recycled plastics and lightweight metals are considered to enhance performance and longevity. Recycled plastics can contain polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Robot Lubrication: Grease the Machine Yellow River Civilization: Ancient China Artificial Intelligence: Power of Prediction Porsche Taycan Power Electronics & Motor Different EV models use various motor types. They include AC induction or permanent magnet synchronous motors, each with its own advantages. Converting the battery's DC power into the AC power needed by the motor done by power electronics. Inverters, converters, and controllers are assembled and integrated to manage flow of electricity and optimize the vehicle's performance. Unlike internal combustion engines with hundreds of moving parts, electric motors consist of a rotor, stator, and casing. Powerful magnets are placed around the rotor and stator for energy conversion. Mars Curiosity Rover: Success & Longevity How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology KIA EV6 The magnets are made of rare earth elements such as neodymium, terbium and dysprosium, the most efficient way to power electric vehicles. The magnets surround a coil of wire. When an electric current flows through the coil, it generates a magnetic field. The magnetic field produced by the coil repels the field of the surrounding magnets. This repulsion makes the coil rotate. The coil is connected to an axle, which turns the wheels. This leads to immediate torque, enabling smooth and rapid acceleration. Some electric vehicles reach 60 mph 2.4 seconds.  Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Carbon Sequestration: Environmental Health Phytoplankton: Environment & Human Health Electricity & Batteries The EV's battery pack stores electrical energy in the form of direct current (DC). This energy is the lifeblood of the vehicle, powering the motor and all other electrical systems. Material Sourcing : Essential raw materials like lithium, cobalt, and nickel are mined and processed. Most EVs use lithium ion batteries. In 2023, about 150,000 tons of lithium are produced globally. Some goes into space. Cell Production : The raw materials are assembled into battery cells, which undergo rigorous testing to meet quality and efficiency metrics. A standard battery pack has about 4500 cells. Battery Pack Assembly : Multiple cells are grouped into larger packs with built-in management systems to monitor charge levels and temperature. Many packs are designed to last up to 300,000 miles. Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Tardigrades (Water Bears): Extreme Survivors Chassis Construction Similar to traditional cars, the chassis provides a structural foundation for the vehicle. EV chassis often incorporate specific design elements to accommodate the battery pack, which is beneath the floor. The vehicle's chassis is created from lightweight materials like aluminum, lighter than steel yet incredibly strong, as well as silicon or graphite. Weight reduction improves efficiency. Silicone is used in many parts of electric vehicles, including the battery packs, wiring, and charging units. This synthetic material is favored due of its electrical insulation, thermal stability and resistance to moisture.  Graphite is used in the anode, or current-absorbing, section of the battery. Silicon is an important part of EVs, in components like batteries and semi-conductors. Other materials include nickel , cobalt , zinc and manganese. Vermicompost: Composting with Worms Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Lithium ion battery Assembly and Painting Body panels, made from steel, aluminum or carbon fiber, are assembled onto the chassis. Body panels include doors and windows. The interior components are integrated. These include seats, dashboard, infotainment systems, and safety features. A network of wires, known as the wiring harness, connects all the electrical components of the vehicle. This system seeks seamless communication and power distribution. The vehicle is then painted. Most paints are acrylic, enamel or urethane. Mineral Oil: Technology & Ecology Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology High tech paint includes photovoltaic paint. This solar paint can convert light energy into electricity. For flashers, electroluminescent paint is a circuit applied through 4-5 layers of paint. When connected to an alternating current power source, the paint lights up. Regenerative Braking One of the innovative features of EVs is regenerative braking. When brakes are applied, the electric motor temporarily functions as a generator, converting kinetic energy into electrical energy. This energy is redirected back to the battery. In practice, EVs can recapture about 30% of energy lost during braking. Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health How Solar Panels Work Silver - Queen of Precious Metals AI in EVs Artificial Intelligence is used to enhance performance of EVs. Certain companies mine their networks of cars for more visual data to feed into an AI training model. The training model learns to solve newer problems. More data helps the AI understand road patterns better. New learnings are loaded into onroad cars through software upgrades. Autonomous EVs are possible through AI. Final Integration and Testing The assembled vehicle undergoes a comprehensive inspection and testing process. This includes performance tests, safety checks, and quality assurance to ensure it meets all required standards. Glycerin (Glycerol): Darling of Cosmetics, Health & Science Artificial Intelligence: Technology & Society Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Charging the Battery Charging an electric vehicle's battery can be done through several methods: Home Charging: Most EV owners use a standard dedicated charger at home, which takes 4-8 hours for a full charge. Public Charging Stations: Charging stations are widely available in urban centers, providing Level 2 (AC) and fast-charging (DC) options. Fast chargers can replenish up to 80% of the battery in about 30 minutes. Regenerative Charging: Regenerative braking allows ongoing battery recharging during driving, for an additional energy source. In 2022, about 35% of EVs fail initial safety tests. Environmental stress tests are part of this phase, whereby vehicles are exposed to extreme temperatures and conditions to determine reliability and durability. Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Methane (CH4): Science of Microbial Gas Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Fossil fuels, including oil, natural gas and coal, are formed by the buried remains of ancient organisms, under heat and pressure. Fossil fuels are integral to technology, economy, politics and global dominance. Mineral Oil: Technology & Ecology Robot Lubrication: Grease the Machine China: Politics, Economy, Military & Modern Life Coal supplies just over a third of global electricity generation, though it's the most carbon-intensive fossil fuel. Natural gas provides about 23% of the world's electricity and is the third most-used energy source globally. Up to 30% of worldwide energy comes from oil. Fossil fuel extraction and rising use continues to affect environment, world politics and energy sustainability. Otherwise, wood accounts for about 6%, wind power 7% and solar power 2 to 8%. Hydropower provides 15% of world electricity use. These methods are often used in combination. Silver (Ag): Ancient Trade to Modern Tech Transition Metals in Science and Health North Korea (DPRK): Total Control coal mining About Fossil Fuels Fossil fuels are natural resources derived from ancient remains of plants and animals. Over millennia, heat and pressure convert them to energy-rich coal, oil, and natural gas. They're created largely of carbon and hydrogen. Coal: Formed primarily from plant matter in swampy environments, coal is a solid fuel ranked by its carbon content and energy density (e.g., anthracite, bituminous, lignite). Oil (Petroleum): Originating from microscopic marine organisms, oil is a liquid hydrocarbon mixture. It's versatile and easily transported. Natural Gas: Mostly methane, natural gas is formed from the same process as oil but under higher temperatures. It's a cleaner-burning fossil fuel than coal or oil, but still a significant greenhouse gas contributor. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): the Good & the Bad Ideonella sakaiensis : Plastic-Eating Bacteria Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins Fossil fuels occur in geological formations worldwide. The two main locations for oil and natural gas are sedimentary rock formations beneath the Earth's surface. The largest oil reserves are in Middle East, which has over 48% of the world's oil. There are also substantial reserves in North America, Russia, and Venezuela. Coal is more geographically widespread. Notable reserves exist in the US, China, India, and Australia. US has over 248 billion tons of coal reserves. The UK is absent from the list due to its stringent and successful efforts to eliminate coal production and use. Carbon Sequestration: Environmental Health Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Despite such issues as microplastics in the Thames, the UK makes good progress Fossil Fuels: Production & Consumption Coal: Large reserves are in US, Russia, China, Australia and India. China, India and US are the largest coal consumers in the world. Oil: Major oil-producing regions include the Middle East (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq), Russia, US and Venezuela. Largest oil consumers are the US and China, followed by India, Russia and Japan. Natural Gas: Russia, Iran, Qatar, the US, and Turkmenistan have the largest proven reserves of natural gas. The US is world's largest natural gas consumer, using 920 billion cubic meters of natural gas in 2023. Phytoplankton: Environment & Human Health Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Fossil fuels are located in a variety of geological formations worldwide. The two main locations for oil and natural gas are sedimentary rock formations beneath the Earth's surface. Coal deposits, on the other hand, are more geographically widespread. Notable reserves exist in China, India, and Australia. Middle North America (US) alone has over 248 billion tons of proven coal reserves. Extraction Coal Mining: Can be surface mining (strip mining) or underground mining. Surface mining removes topsoil and rock layers to expose the seam, using dragline and track shovels. Oil Extraction: requires drilling wells, sometimes with advanced techniques like hydraulic fracturing (fracking) to access shale oil and gas. Artificial Intelligence: Technology & Society Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals fracking tower Natural Gas Extraction: Similar to oil, it often relies on fracking techniques. Fracking is the injection of high-pressure fluid into underground rock formations, releasing trapped gas to increase output and profits. Refinement Crude oil  is refined in facilities, using distillation to separate different components by their boiling points. This results in products like gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Natural gas  is processed to remove impurities and enable its use for heating and electricity generation. Coal  can be converted into coke, a main ingredient in steel manufacturing. Coke is a hard grey porous fuel with high carbon content, made by heating coal or petroleum in the absence of air. An important industrial product, it's used mainly in iron ore smelting, but also as fuel in forges and stoves. How Astronauts Breathe in Space Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Products and Uses Fossil fuels power almost every aspect of modern life: Electricity Generation: Coal, natural gas, and oil are burned in power plants to generate electricity. Transportation: Gasoline and diesel fuels power cars, trucks, ships, and airplanes. Heating: Natural gas and heating oil are used to heat homes and buildings. Manufacturing: Fossil fuels are raw materials for plastics, chemicals, and other industrial products. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production PET is an petroleum product used in making plastics like water bottles Agriculture Fertilizers, pesticides, and machinery rely heavily on fossil fuels. For instance fertilizers with nitrogen need natural gas during production. The Haber-Bosch process combines atmospheric nitrogen with hydrogen sourced from natural gas to produce ammonia. Plants need nitrogen but can't take it up directly. Nitrogen fixing bacteria do this work in nature. Ammonia is a nitrogen source plants can take up. This process needs high temperatures and pressure, making it energy-intensive and dependent on combustion of fossil fuels for the necessary energy. Agriculture: Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Environment & Health Climate Change: Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases (primarily carbon dioxide) into the atmosphere, trapping heat and driving global warming. This leads to rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and disruptions to ecosystems. Air Pollution: Burning fossil fuels releases pollutants that contribute to smog, acid rain, and respiratory problems. Water Pollution: Oil spills, fracking wastewater, and coal mining runoff contaminate water sources. How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health Habitat Destruction: Mining and drilling activities can destroy habitats and disrupt ecosystems. Public Health: Air and water pollution from fossil fuels contributes to health problems like respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Carbon Sequestration & Fossil Fuels Natural underground structures emptied of fossil fuels are considered for long-term storage in carbon sequestration. In the Norwegian North Sea Sleipner project, CO2 is captured and injected under the sea bed. Carbon dioxide is also injected into rock to improve oil yields, displacing unreachable product to make it available. Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: Life Forms on Earth Make an AI for Stock Market Analysis & Prediction oil derrick Politics, War, and Commerce Possession of fossil fuel resources strongly influence global politics and economics. Countries rich in these products wield power on the world stage. Geopolitical tensions erupt over resource control. For example, the Gulf War (1990 - 1991) is partially driven by conflicts related to oil-rich regions. Resource Control: Competition for control of oil and gas reserves has been a major driver of geopolitical tensions and wars, particularly in the Middle East. Domestically, countries have political problems linked to fossil fuel resource management. Legislation attempts to address energy policy and carbon taxes. History of China: Ancient Days to Space Race Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future The fossil fuel industry has considerable influence on government policies through lobbying and campaign contributions. On a broad scale, the Paris Agreement of 2016 hopes to reduce hazards related to use of fossil fuels. The only countries which have not signed are Iran with the most world emissions; Libya and Yemen. In 2022, Iran produces 696 million metric tons (Mt CO2), or 2.04% of world total emissions, a 123% increase since 2000. Although China initially signs the agreement it reneges in 2023. In that year emissions measure 11.4 metric tons, the highest of any country's output. Aluminum(III) Oxide: Secrets of Precious Gemstones Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology How Solar Panels Work coal refinery Russia signs the agreement but makes no financial contribution. Its efforts are currently hindered by the Ukraine War. North Korea signs, but then exports natural resources illegally, with China's help, in response to sanctions over nuclear expansion. Energy Security: Nations seek energy security, reducing reliance on foreign sources of fossil fuels, often diversifying energy sources. The fossil fuel industry generates $3.3 trillion in annual revenue and provides millions of jobs. Large companies like ExxonMobil and BP control most fossil fuel supplies and provide major funding. Technologies such as robotic process automation, artificial intelligence, natural language processing and machine learning has an effect on the job market. Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Robot and AI technology are expected to reduce the oil and gas workforce by up to 30%. In the upstream sector, or exploration and production, 50% of jobs will be automated in the next 20 years. Fossil Fuel Facts Peak Oil Theory: The theory oil production will eventually reach a peak and then decline is a recurring concern. While tech advances have extended the timeline, the finite nature of oil resources remains a reality. Alternative Energy Sources: The need to reduce reliance on fossil fuels drives development of renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal. Geothermal by taps into heat stored in the Earth's crust, where hot water or steam is naturally found in underground reservoirs. Metalloproteins: Biochemistry of Nature & Health Sustainable Gardening: Compost & Old Beer Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria Countries worldwide are increasingly investing in solar and wind energy. In 2021, the combination of wind and solar accounts for 7 - 10% of global electricity production. Carbon Pricing: Policies like carbon taxes and cap-and-trade systems are designed to make polluters pay for the environmental costs of their emissions, hoping to motivate cleaner energy sources. Finite Resources : Fossil fuels are non-renewable. Estimates show global oil reserves may be depleted in the next 50 years at the current consumption rate. Global Emissions : The fossil fuel industry is a factor in acceleration of climate change, responsible for 70% of carbon emissions since 1970. Hetero-Fermentation in Lactic Acid Bacteria Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons How to Grow Carrots VW Bus, a 1970s icon. Originally run on gas & diesel, they are still being produced as electric vehicles Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Mineral oil is a petroleum product with vast uses in health and cosmetics, robotics, food and industry. In 1859 Edwin Drake successfully drills the first oil well, in Pennsylvania. This catalyzes large-scale extraction. Robot Lubrication: Grease the Machine Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Human Warfare Yellow River Civilization: Ancient China The American oil industry booms, with the number of wells in the U.S. increasing from 1 in 1859 to over 4000 by 1875. The approach of the 20th century brings innovations in refining techniques. These result in high-quality mineral oil for many applications. While naturally occurring oil seeps have been known for millennia, mineral oil is a purified byproduct. Initially it's considered a waste product, but its lubricating properties soon inspire further examination. The discovery of its emollient effects further broadens its applications into industries and consumer products. Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses Silver (Ag): Ancient Trade to Modern Tech Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Scientific Properties and Characteristics: Mineral oil is a clear, odorless, and tasteless liquid composed of saturated hydrocarbons. Specifically, it is a mixture of highly refined paraffinic and naphthenic liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. Characteristics include Low viscosity: This makes it an excellent lubricant, reducing friction between moving parts. It's fluid and easily pumped, important to keep machinery running smoothly. Chemical inertness: Mineral oil is overall stable and suitable where dependability is important. Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health AI: Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) Super Alloys in Space Exploration Flammable above 150 °C (302 °F) : Under some conditions it can catch fire. While designed to be stable and non-corrosive, for example in electrical transformers, ignition can happen in high temperatures or open flames. Non-polarity: This property allows it to dissolve non-polar substances like fats and oils, making it useful in cleaning and dissolving applications. Hydrophobicity:  Mineral oil does not mix with water. It's a lubricant and barrier in mechanics and building. Emollient properties: It forms a protective barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss. Allergic reactions to petroleum products include an itchy, painful rash, which may ooze or crack, or cracked lips. Artificial Intelligence: Power of Prediction Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Many lip balms contain petroleum products which can contribute to painful lip dryness and cracking Boiling Point:  Mineral oil has a boiling point range from 250°C to 350°C. Density: 0.8–0.87 g/cm3 (0.029–0.031 lb/cu in). Mineral oil is also known as white oil, paraffin oil, paraffinum liquidum and liquid petroleum. Liquid paraffin is medical grade. Mineral oil is derived from crude oil in production of gasoline and other petroleum products. Mineral oils used for lubrication are known as base oils. Mineral oil is colorless and transparent, mainly composed of alkanes and cycloalkanes. It's related to petroleum jelly or Vaseline. Organic Polymers: Ecology & Natural Health Natural Glass Gemstones: Cataclysmic Fusion Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities Crude to Mineral Oil: Process Crude Oil Distillation Crude oil is heated, separating it into different fractions based on their boiling points. Lighter components rise, while heavier ones settle. Solvent Extraction Solvents are used to selectively dissolve and remove undesirable components, such as aromatic hydrocarbons. This step removes heavy, asphaltic residues, further purifying the oil. Hydrotreating Continuing to refine the oil, this process uses hydrogen to saturate unsaturated hydrocarbons and remove sulfur and nitrogen compounds. It reduces heavy fractions of crude oil into lighter products. Filtration & Grades The oil is filtered to remove any remaining impurities. The resultant mineral oil is categorized based on its viscosity and intended use. Mineral oil is available in light, medium, and heavy grades. Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Oil Derrick Health As a laxative, mineral oil lubricates the intestines to treat constipation. It's an ingredient in some medications and ointments. Machines and Robots Its lubricating properties reduce friction in engines, gears and other moving parts to prolong lifespan and improve efficiency. In lubrication mineral oils make up Group I, II, and III base oils refined from petroleum .   Heavy machinery in factories needs up to 76 liters (20 gallons) of oil in the lubrication system. It commonly used in robotics, often hydraulics. How to Make an Artificial Intelligence System Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils Water Wheel early hydraulics Beauty Mineral oil is a standard ingredient in moisturizers, lotions, creams, and makeup removers due to its emollient properties. It's used in moisturizers and makeup but can clog pores or cause allergic reactions in some people.  In cosmetics, it can appear under a different name. British pharmacologists use " paraffinum perliquidum " for light mineral oil and " paraffinum liquidum " or " paraffinum subliquidum " for more viscous varieties. " Paraffinum liquidum " may be listed as an ingredient in baby oil and  cosmetics. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Cornstarch: Cuisine, Beauty, Cleaning Uses Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Food Food-grade mineral oil is used as a release agent in baking, a lubricant for food processing machinery and a sealant for wooden cutting boards. Science & Industry Mineral oil is a coolant, insulator, and lubricant in industrial processes. It's also used in laboratory settings as a non-reactive bath fluid. In laboratories, mineral oil is a medium in experiments and a stable barrier in reactions. Its characteristics, like low volatility, make it suitable for cooling systems and heat exchangers of industrial processes. Ideonella sakaiensis : Plastic-Eating Bacteria Carbon Sequestration: Environmental Health Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy Some bacteria eat compounds from petroleum. They're from the families Marinobacter, Oceanospiralles, Pseudomonas, and Alkanivorax. Mineral oil consumers include Pseudomonas oleovorans and Pseudomonas putida . Safety & Environment Contamination Risks: Impurities in poorly refined mineral oil contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Respiratory Problems: Inhalation of mineral oil mists or vapors can cause lipoid pneumonia, a serious lung condition. Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health Glycerin (Glycerol): Darling of Cosmetics, Health & Science Guar Gum: Unique Qualities for Art & Crafts Environmental Impact: The extraction and refining of petroleum, the source of mineral oil, has significant environmental consequences, including habitat destruction, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainability: As a non-renewable resource derived from fossil fuels, the long-term sustainability of mineral oil production is a growing concern. Alternatives: While mineral oil is widely used, alternative oils, such as vegetable and synthetic, rise in popularity due to fossil fuel controversies. Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Women Scientists of the Ancient World Scientific Revolution Europe 1543-1687 Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Glycerin, also known as glycerol or glycerine, is a simple polyol compound with the chemical formula C3H8O3. This colorless, odorless, and sweet-tasting liquid has gained immense popularity in various industries due to its unique properties and versatility. Iron(III) Oxide: Creation, Art & Science Guar Gum: Unique Qualities for Art & Crafts Milk & Dairy: Ancient Lactose Gene Glycerin, first discovered as a byproduct of soap making, is a popular ingredient in soaps today What is Glycerin? Glycerin or glycerol is a viscous liquid derived from both natural and synthetic sources. It's a key ingredient in many everyday products, from cosmetics to food to pharmaceuticals, known for its hydrating, lubricating, and sweetening properties. Clear and odorless, it's non-toxic and safe for consumption. Glycerin naturally occurs as part of the triglycerides found in fats and oils. Its hydrophilic (water-attracting) and lipophilic (fat-attracting) properties makes it an excellent moisturizer and emulsifier. Vegetable glycerin comes from plants like palm or soybeans. Synthetic glycerin is produced by petrochemical processes. Sodium Carbonate: Natural Formation to Modern Application Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) Art, Food & Medicine Colorful World of Bacteria - Color Producers Glycerin is a common compound in beauty products Discovery of Glycerin Glycerin is first discovered in 1779 by the Swedish super-chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele as he studies the byproducts of soap making. He notices a sweet-tasting substance he initially calls "glycerin." The name derives from the Greek word " glykys , (glyceros)" meaning sweet. At first it's dismissed as a soap byproduct. In the early 19th century, the commercial production of glycerin begins with the rise of soap and candle-making industries. As glycerin releases its sweet properties, industries such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics started to realize its value. Today, glycerin is considered an essential ingredient in many products. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Silent Destroyers: Microbes of Concrete Corrosion Metal Salts: Ancient History to Modern DIY Vintage pharmacy flasks for glycerine How Glycerin is Created & Sourced Thee two main methods for producing glycerin are saponification and biodiesel production. Saponification : Glycerin is produced as a byproduct of soap-making. In the soap making process a process fats or oils are combined with an alkali like sodium hydroxide to create soap. The glycerin remaining after soap has formed can be purified for various uses. Most commercially available glycerin originates from the saponification of fats and oils. Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry Paints of the Artist's Palette in Renaissance Europe Artisan soaps Biodiesel Production : Glycerin is also obtained as a byproduct during the transesterification process, where vegetable oils or animal fats are converted into biodiesel. Many manufacturers use hydrolysis of plant oils such as coconut or palm oil. Around 10% of biodiesel production results in glycerin. Additionally, glycerin can be synthetically produced from propylene, a byproduct of fossil fuel refining, although this approach raises concerns over sustainability. Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs Bacteria: Unseen Driving Force Behind All Life Properties of Glycerin Hygroscopic Glycerin draws moisture from the air, making it an excellent humectant in skincare products. It's an effective humectant, keeping products like lotions and creams hydrated. Studies show glycerin can increase moisture content by up to 85%. Soluble Glycerin or glycerol readily dissolves in water and alcohol, but not in oils. Viscous Its thick texture adds consistency to products, enhancing the feel of food and drinks in the mouth. This can be frustrating for people on weight loss plans or special diets. Non-toxic and Biodegradable Glycerin is considered non-toxic, safe for human consumption and topical application. The FDA classifies it as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). It's a common sweetener in food and moisturizer in skincare items. Daily intake limit for glycerin is 100 mg/kg of body weight. Stability Glycerin is chemically stable, supporting product efficacy over time. Silent Destroyers: Microbial Corrosion of Concrete Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Scientific Revolution Europe 1543-1687 Glycerol is a food additive and preservative in processed meats, cheeses, dairy drinks, sweet beverages, beer, white wine, cakes, confectionaries, dietetic foods and dried fruits and nuts. Is Glycerin / Glycerol Vegan? Glycerin can be vegan and non-vegan, depending on its source. Glycerin derived from plant oils, such as palm, coconut, or soybean, is vegan-friendly. Glycerin sourced from animal fats, less common today, is not considered vegan. Glycerin sourced from animal fats is used in traditional soap-making methods. With rising demand for vegan and cruelty-free products, glycerin from plants has gained popularity. Vegans are advised to check glycerol sources. Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Sodium Silicate: Alchemy of Water Glass DIY Perfume Artisans: Top, Middle & Base Notes Glycerin Reactions with Other Elements Glycerin is relatively stable and non-reactive under normal conditions. However, it can react with strong oxidizing agents, and when heated, it can break down and form potentially harmful compounds. Used well it can also form helpful ones. Acrolein Subjected to high heat and strong acids, glycerin can undergo dehydration, producing acrolein, a compound noted for its acrid odor. Acrolein is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde, a colorless and highly toxic liquid. The smell of burnt fat is caused by glycerol in the burning fat breaking down into acrolein. Esterification Reaction   Glycerin can react with fatty acids to form glycerides, esters commonly found in food and cosmetics. Glycerides function in energy storage and production, satiety value, insulation, vitamins, essential fatty acids, flavor and texture. Sacred Geometry: Insight to the Mysteries Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Along with amino acids, urea & salts, glycerin is part of the skin's own hydration system. Natural Occurrence of Glycerin Glycerin is found naturally in all living organisms. It forms a crucial component of lipids (fats), appearing as a "backbone" in triglycerides, the main form of fat storage in the body. It occurs as a byproduct of fat metabolism. In the human body, glycerin is released during the breakdown of triglycerides for energy. Small amounts of glycerin exist in many fruits and vegetables, contributing to their sweetness and moisture retention properties. 11 Favorite Drawing Mediums of Artists Microbial Alchemy: Fermentation, Digestion, Putrefaction Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Microbes & Glycerin Glycerin is not a food source for most microbes, as it is a simple alcohol rather than a nutrient-rich substrate. Certain bacteria can metabolize glycerin as a carbon or energy source. It's used in laboratory settings to maintain microbial growth as an indirect nutrition source. In specific fermentation processes, some bacteria and yeast convert glycerin into other substances such as ethanol. Improper preparation can encourage microbial contamination in products containing glycerin. Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria The Unseen World: Protozoans in Nature Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Beer and cheese Cosmetics, Food, Health and Science Glycerin has an impressive range of applications across various industries: Cosmetics : Used as a moisturizer and humectant in skincare and hair care products, glycerin helps maintain skin hydration. Glycerin is prominent in lotions, creams, and serums due to its ability to lock in moisture. It makes skin feel soft and acts as an emollient for a smooth texture. Food : It acts as sweetener, preservative, and texture-enhancer in foods, helping retain moisture in baked goods and confections. It keeps baked goods moist and is often used in sugar-free products as sugar substitute. Glycerin can replace up to 50% of sugar in some recipes. Alchemy of Perfumes: Scents, Cologne, Rose Water Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes Etch Carnelian Beads Like It's Indus Valley 2500 BCE Pharmaceuticals : Commonly used as a solvent, sweetening agent, and preservative in cough syrups and other liquid medications. In pharmaceuticals, glycerin stabilizes and preserves medications such as expectorants and ointments. Glycerin is also a low-dose laxative. Science : Used in laboratory settings to create solutions and media for cell cultures, making it crucial for biological research. In laboratories, glycerin is an important reagent and solvent. Its non-toxic properties make it ideal for experiments and tissue preservation. Glycerol is used in meat preservation. Only the products sorbic acid and its potassium salts; sodium diacetate, an acetic acid salt; nisin, natamycin and glycerol monocaprylate are legally allowed in meat products in the US and other countries. Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Glycerin is a preservative in meat. The red color of meat comes from potassium nitrate or niter (saltpeter) Facts About Glycerin Versatile applications: Glycerin is found in products as diverse as e-liquids for vaping, antifreeze, and even dynamite (as nitroglycerin). Non-irritating: It's non-toxic and often used in medical applications. Glycerin is well-tolerated by the skin. Hydrophilic Nature: Its moisture-absorbing quality makes glycerin a popular additive in hydrating skin products. Biodiesel Connection: As a valuable byproduct, glycerin production in biodiesel manufacturing supports renewable energy initiatives. Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Gouache Painting: Artist Essentials & Art Tips Glycerol has many applications in beauty, whether DIY or industrial Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Lithium (Li) is a soft, silvery-white metal. Famous for rechargeable batteries, lithium is important to sectors like health and technology. The lightest metal, lithium is highly reactive and flammable, but bonds well with others. Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Salt (NaCl): Science, History & Cuisine Highly reactive and flammable, it's stored in mineral oil due to its tendency to tarnish in air and react vigorously with water. As lightest metal and least dense solid, lithium has high electrochemical potential. The main global application for lithium, with 80% of demand, is production of rechargeable batteries for electronics, electric vehicles and grid storage. Lithium is considered a critical mineral for its function in renewable energy. Zinc (Zn): Technology, Nature & Health Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Natural Occurrence and Formation Due to its high reactivity, lithium is not found freely in nature. It occurs in combined forms within minerals like spodumene, petalite, lepidolite, and amblygonite. It's also found in brine deposits and certain clay deposits. The origin of lithium can be traced back to two primary processes. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: A small amount of lithium-7 is formed shortly after the Big Bang, making it one of the few elements created in the earliest moments of the universe. Cosmic Ray Spallation: Heavier elements like carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen are bombarded by cosmic rays, resulting in fragmentation and formation of lighter elements, including lithium-6 and lithium-7. Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials supernova - pic: NASA Hubble Formed through cosmic processes in stars, it gathers over billions of years through geological processes. The universe contains about 30 billion tons of lithium. Scientific Properties Atomic Number: 3 Atomic Weight: 6.941 amu Density: 0.534 g/cm³ (one of the least dense solid elements) Melting Point: 180.54 °C Boiling Point: 1342 °C Electronic Configuration: [He] 2s¹ Reactivity: Highly reactive, readily loses its single valence electron to form positive ions (Li+). Flame Color: Crimson red when heated. Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future Sacred Geometry: Insight to the Mysteries Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals lithium has a low melting point When lithium contacts water, it reacts vigorously, producing hydrogen gas and lithium hydroxide. This reactivity is necessary for batteries and chemical reactions. Production and Extraction Brine Deposits: Lithium-rich brines are pumped to the surface and concentrated through solar evaporation. The lithium is then extracted through chemical precipitation, typically as lithium carbonate. Brine extraction can yield lithium concentrations of up to 200 parts per million. Hard rock mining yields about 1.5% lithium. Nickel (Ni): Metallurgy Facts & Folklore Vulcano: Child Miners, Gods & Extremophiles Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Lithium brine mining Hard Rock Mining : In this process lithium-bearing minerals like spodumene are crushed, ground, roasted and treated with strong acids in chemical leaching to extract the product. Alloying Properties Lithium readily alloys with several metals, including aluminum, magnesium, and copper, enhancing their properties. Adding lithium to aluminum alloys increases strength and reduces weight, enabling aerospace applications. Human Health Lithium occurs in trace amounts in humans. Highest concentrations are in the brain and kidneys. It's believed to influence neurotransmitter activity and neuronal signaling pathways, with a connection to mental health. Metal Smelting & Metallurgy in the Ancient World Metalloproteins: Biochemistry of Nature & Health Homeostasis: Internal Balance of the Body Lithium also occurs naturally in food such as grains, vegetables, potatoes, tomatoes, and in drinking water. Concentrations are low and considered safe. Symptoms of too much lithium include nausea, diarrhea, vertigo, weakness, exhaustion and neurological problems. Over time excess lithium ingestion can cause thyroid or kidney illness. Transition Metals in Science and Health Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek nausea is an early symptom Uses of Lithium Health: Lithium carbonate is a widely used mood stabilizer for treating bipolar disorder, manic and depressive episodes and mood swings. Nature & Environment: Lithium has no known function in environmental processes. Its use in electric vehicles and energy storage systems contributes to sustainability by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Electric vehicles, which are projected to make up 60% of global car sales by 2030. Lithium batteries aid in renewable energy systems, facilitating energy storage for solar and wind farms. Vermicompost: Composting with Worms Algae: Evolution, Science & Environment Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Science & Technology Batteries: Lithium-ion batteries power smartphones, laptops, electric vehicles, and grid-scale energy storage systems. The life of a lithium-ion battery is 2-3 years or 300-500 charge cycles, whichever comes first. Lubricants: Lithium-based greases provide excellent lubrication and resistance to high temperatures and pressures. Nuclear Technology: Lithium is used in the production of tritium, a key component in nuclear fusion reactors. Glass and Ceramics: Lithium carbonate is added to glass and ceramic formulations to lower their melting points and improve their strength and durability. Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Organic Polymers: Ecology & Natural Health Natural Glass Gemstones: Cataclysmic Fusion Facts about Lithium Due to its low density, lithium is one of the few elements able to float on oil. Lithium is so reactive it can combine directly with nitrogen gas at room temperature. It's the only metal to do so. The "lithium triangle" in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile) holds a significant portion of the world's known lithium reserves. The increasing demand for lithium in batteries has led to a surge in lithium mining and extraction, raising concerns about environmental sustainability. The aerospace industry uses lithium in aircraft components. Lithium-ion batteries typically have an energy density of 150-250 watt-hours per kilogram, significantly surpassing that of traditional batteries. Lithium is one of the desired mineral resources in war-torn Ukraine . Lithium is discovered in 1817, but doesn't come into widespread use until the late 20th century. Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Compost: Teeming Metropolis of Life & Death Cyanobacteria: Nutrients & Bacterial Blooms Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Lubrication is integral to keep mechanical parts moving smoothly. Robot lube increases performance and lifespan. From mineral oils to smart lubricants, here are the basics of robot grease today. Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health What Robots Need to Function & Survive Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Robot lubrication production is a niche industry. Fast growing, it's characterized by specialized formulations, advanced manufacturing processes, and discerning procurement strategies. Robot Lubrication Needs Robot operating environments can range from sterile cleanrooms to extreme industrial settings. Lubricants need to withstand temperature fluctuations, resist contamination and prevent build-up of static electricity. Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Robot lube is used for: Friction Reduction: Minimizes energy loss and extends the lifespan of components like gears, bearings, and joints. Wear Protection: Prevents premature component failure due to contact and abrasion, saving money and time. Heat Dissipation: Cools down moving parts, preventing overheating and maintaining dimensional stability. Less friction means lower temperatures, which keeps components from overheating. Corrosion Protection: Shields against environmental factors that can degrade metallic components. Noise Reduction: Dampens vibrations, contributing to quieter operation. Sealing: Provides a barrier against contaminants like dust, moisture, and chemicals. Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Human Warfare Make an AI for Stock Market Analysis & Prediction North Korea (DPRK): Total Control Lubricant Types Greases are semi-solid lubricants. They provide long-lasting performance, especially under high pressure and are favored for motors, gears, and bearings. Lithium-Based Grease These are versatile, all-purpose water resistant greases with high-temperature performance. They're widely used in gearboxes, bearings, and other general lubrication applications. Molybdenum disulfide-enhanced lithium grease is preferred for heavy-duty joints. Lithium based greases suit automotive and industrial robots. In manufacturing plants lithium grease adds to robot longevity and endures high temperatures. Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Mineral Oil Though widely used, mineral oils may not reach the advanced performance levels of synthetic oils. Mineral oils are suited for everyday robotics tasks. Pure mineral oil is nontoxic. However, industrial grade mineral oil has dangers. Overexposure can lead to breathing problems, skin irritation and types of cancer. Synthetic Oils These oils outshine traditional options because they are engineered for better performance. They can decrease friction by about 30 percent compared to standard mineral oils. Surgical robots require precision and cleanliness. Synthetic oils help prevent contamination while increasing smooth performance. AI: Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Synthetic Grease Formulated from synthetic oils like PAO (Polyalphaolefin) or ester oils, these greases have superior performance in extreme temperatures and high-speed applications. They have strong oxidation stability and resist degradation. PAO-based grease for instance is used for robotic arm joints needing high precision. Silicone Grease Silicone-based greases have excellent water resistance, a wide temperature range, and are compatible with plastics and elastomers. They're used in applications needing electrical insulation or contact with sensitive materials. Excellent for high-precision components, silicone greases can handle both extreme temperatures and moisture. They lubricate medical robots, ensuring cleanliness and functionality. Cell Communication in Living Organisms Algae: Evolution, Science & Environment Silver (Ag): Ancient Trade to Modern Tech Surgery robots Fluorinated Grease (PFPE/PTFE) These greases offer exceptional chemical resistance, high-temperature stability, and low friction coefficients. They are ideal for robots operating in harsh or corrosive environments. They tend to be more expensive but offer superior protection where needed. PFPE grease for example is used for robots in chemical processing plants. Dry Film Lubricants These lubes, such as graphite, molybdenum disulfide or PTFE coatings, are applied as a thin film and provide lubrication without oils or greases. They're used when cleanliness is critical or where liquid lubricants are not practical. PTFE coat the screw threads of miniature robots. Dry lubricants are effective in extreme temperatures, remaining stable up to 300°C. China: Politics, Economy, Military & Modern Life Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Smart Lubricants These have sensors to monitor lubricant condition in real-time, enabling predictive maintenance to prevent stalls and downtime. In autonomous vehicles, robots implement advanced lubrication systems to reduce friction in actuators and rotating parts. Bio-based Lubricants Interest rises in bio-based robot lubricants, seeking environmentally friendly and sustainable options. Eco technologies promote the use of bio-lubricants from renewable resources like vegetable oils. Manufacture & Composition Production of robot grease combines base oils, thickeners, and additives. Base Oils: These provide the primary lubricating properties. Mineral oils, synthetic oils (PAOs, esters), and silicone oils are commonly used. Some synthetic oils are effective between -50°C to 200°C. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Compost: Teeming Metropolis of Life & Death Oil-Dwelling Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast & Mold Thickeners: They determine the grease's consistency and prevent the oil from leaking out. Common thickeners include lithium soaps, calcium soaps, polyurea and clay. Additives Extreme Pressure (EP) Additives: Enhance load-carrying capacity Anti-Wear Additives: Reduce friction and wear Corrosion Inhibitors: Prevent rust and corrosion Oxidation Inhibitors: Extend lubricant life Friction Modifiers: Fine-tune friction characteristics Dyes: Dyes can assist in the identification of lubricants The manufacturing process typically involves mixing the base oil, thickener, and additives under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. The mixture is then homogenized and refined to achieve the desired consistency and properties. Silent Destroyers: Microbes of Concrete Corrosion Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins Silicon (Si): Fueling the Robot Apocalypse Grease Production Selecting Base Oil: The process starts with choosing the right oil based on viscosity and thermal properties. Adding Thickening Agent: Ingredients such as lithium soap are added to create a gel-like consistency. Homogenization: Everything is mixed under controlled conditions to achieve uniformity. Quality Control: The final product undergoes rigorous testing for performance and stability before distribution. Oil Production Oil manufacturing refines crude oil through certain steps. Distillation: Crude oil is heated and separated by boiling points, converting each fraction into usable oil. Hydrocracking: This process removes impurities, enhancing stability, which can improve performance by as much as 20 percent. Adding Performance Improvers: Various additives are mixed in to boost characteristics like anti-wear properties. Motor oil, brake fluid or other low-viscosity oil can be used for some robots. Carbon Steel: Origins, Composition & Uses North Korea (DPRK): Total Control Oxidation: Metabolism & Molecular Action oil refinery Dry Lubricants Dry lubricants are made by grinding raw materials like graphite into fine powders with smooth slippery qualities. The powder may be combined with a binder to improve adherence to surfaces during application. Procuring Robot Lubricants Lubricant Manufacturers: Companies specializing in production of industrial and specialty lubricants include Shell, Mobil, Kluber Lubrication and Nye Lubricants. Robot OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers): Robot manufacturers offer their own branded lubricants or recommend specific lubes for their robots. Distributors: These companies distribute lubricants from various manufacturers. Choosing the right lubricant and supplier ensures long-term performance and reliability of robotic systems. ATP: Nature of Energy & Vital Functions Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality robot assembly line making vaccines Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in military and defense sectors gives an edge in warfare. Countries scramble to remain competitive. AI gathers data, makes decisions and drives the actions of drones and robot systems. China: Politics, Economy, Military & Modern Life Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles AI: Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) Intelligence Gathering and Analysis AI algorithms sift through massive datasets, identify patterns and provide info and options. They analyze satellite imagery, social media feeds, intercepted communications, and sensor data. AI-driven drones and satellite systems analyze data and identify perceived potential threats. They process visual information, track enemy movements and predict actions. Identification of enemy troop deployments is based on factors such as patterns of communication and supply chain activities. Humans can then make quick and informed decisions. Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Artificial Intelligence: Power of Prediction Cybersecurity AI detects and prevents intrusions, identifies malicious software and automates cybersecurity responses. AI-powered systems can learn from past attacks and adapt to new threats in real-time. By analyzing network traffic and learning from past attacks, AI can identify vulnerabilities and block intrusions. Continuous learning hopes to make military networks resilient and better protected from perceived threats. Artificial Intelligence: Technology & Society Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Autonomous Systems and Robotics AI enables the development of autonomous drones, robots, and vehicles able to take action without human intervention. The systems are used for reconnaissance, surveillance, logistics and combat. Countries worldwide invest heavily in drone technology. The UK is spending $2 billion to develop AI drones for functions like surveillance and logistics. Globally, drones are increasingly used in combat. Targeting and Precision Munitions AI improves accuracy and effectiveness of weapon systems. AI algorithms analyze target data, adjust for environmental factors, and guide precision-guided munitions to maximize effectiveness of strikes. Make an AI for Stock Market Analysis & Prediction North Korea (DPRK): Total Control Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Training and Simulation AI revolutionizes military training with immersive simulations. AI-powered virtual reality (VR) environments simulate complex battlefield scenarios. Such simulations are also used to test new weapons systems and tactics. US Army AI-driven training programs can adapt to individual trainees and give personalized feedback. These are considered to improve soldiers' decision-making skills. Logistics & Supply Chain Management Maintaining a reliable supply chain is crucial for military operations. AI can optimize logistics by predicting demand, managing inventory, and routing supplies. Carbon Sequestration: Environmental Health Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Predictive Maintenance Predictive maintenance powered by AI helps keep vehicles, aircraft, and other essential assets prepared. By analyzing patterns in equipment performance, AI can forecast failures before they happen. Strategic Decision-Making AI is used in strategic decision-making, equipping commanders with data-driven insights. Advanced analytics allow military leaders to model different scenarios and predict potential outcomes based. Making more informed choices under pressure, potentially improves mission success rates. By factoring in a wide array of variables, AI tools help mitigate risks and optimize operational efficiency. Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Global Trends and Regional Variations US & China: Both nations invest heavily in AI research and development, especially for military functions. They're also in a tech arms race, vying for dominance. Recently China cut off supply of metals like tungsten to the US. European nations invest in AI: Countries like France, Germany, and the UK focus on developing AI capabilities for defense against potential aggressors. The dynamics of the world stage can change at any moment. Russia's Drones: Russia deploys AI drones against civilians in Ukraine. According to Ukrainian military sources Russia equips its Iranian made Shahed-136 strike drones with artificial intelligence as of 2024. Also In 2024, Ukraine buys 10,000 AI-enhanced drones. Solar Panels & Batteries in Space Carbon Dioxide (CO2): the Good & the Bad Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk Iranian made Shahed-136 kamikaze strike drone used by Russia Smaller nations leverage AI for niche capabilities: Countries with limited resources focus on specific AI applications for a strategic advantage. This includes cybersecurity, intelligence analysis or drone warfare. The risk of autonomous weapons systems: The development of autonomous weapons systems raises concerns about accountability, potential for unintended consequences, and the erosion of human control over lethal force. Potential for escalation: Use of AI in warfare can lead to rapid escalation of conflict, as both sides seek the advantage by deploying increasingly sophisticated AI-powered systems. How Solar Panels Work How Astronauts Breathe in Space Silver (Ag): Ancient Trade to Modern Tech Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Culinary oils are teeming with microbial life such as bacteria, molds, yeast and other fungi. Popular oils like olive oil, vegetable oil, almond oil, linseed oil, and hemp oil contain several microbial species. Some are beneficial and some just plain bad. Read on. Silent Destroyers: Microbes of Concrete Corrosion Metal Salts: Ancient History to Modern DIY Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Rich golden oils Microscopic organisms are invisible, yet active in the ecosystems of common household and beauty oils. Many types of microbes are found in different culinary and beauty oils, with special features, survival techniques, and significance in history and modern use. Microbial activity can create various effects and changes, some desirable. The microscopic world of vegetable oils ranges from bacteria breaking down fats to flavor elevation by yeasts. Toxic elements also lurk among these workers, creating unwanted effects like mold growth. Microbes: Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Protozoa, Fungi & Viruses Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Micro-fungi Types of Microbes Found in Food Oils Oils have a unique relationship with microorganisms such as bacteria, molds and yeast. The microbes in culinary oils are abundant in nature. They inhabit soil, water, and plant matter. During oil production, organisms enter the final product, creating a rich microbial community. Bacillus spp. (Bacteria) Origin:   Bacillus species are widely distributed in soil and decaying organic matter. They easily find their way into food processing environments. Special Features:  Many Bacillus species form spores that allow them to survive extreme conditions, including a low water activity environment, which is typical of oils. Survival in Oil:   Bacillus spp. can survive in oils due to their ability to produce heat-resistant spores. Once conditions are favorable, they can germinate and proliferate. Occurrence in Nature:  They are commonly found in soil, and thus are present in nature. Hazards:  Some species can produce toxins that are hazardous to health, while others are harmless or even beneficial. Uses:  Historically, certain Bacillus species have been used in the production of fermented foods and probiotics. Amoebae: Microbial Predators on the Move Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home Radioactive Gas: Radon (Rn) Noble & Deadly Beer and cheese Examples: Pseudomonas spp. Type:  Bacteria Origin:  Pseudomonas are prevalent in soil and water and can enter oils during processing or bottling. Special Features:  These bacteria can degrade organic materials, effectively breaking down fats and oils. They adapt well to low-nutrient environments. Bacillus cereus Type:  Bacteria Origin:  Found in soil, food, and animal intestines, this bacterium can contaminate oils during production or handling. Special Features:   Bacillus cereus can form spores to endure extreme conditions, allowing them to survive various food processing methods. Some bacteria form cysts to ensure survival in hostile environments, and remain as cysts until conditions improve. Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Science of Alchemy: Hydrochloric Acid Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Bacillus cereus, electron microscope view 2. Lipomyces tetrasporus (Yeast) Origin:   Lipomyces tetrasporus is often found in plant materials and the environment. Special Features:  This yeast is capable of using lipids as a primary carbon source, allowing it to thrive in oily environments. Survival in Oil:   L. tetrasporus can break down lipids and convert them into energy, aiding its survival in oils. Occurrence in Nature:  It is naturally occurring, especially in plant-based materials. Hazards:  Generally, it is not considered pathogenic, but its presence in oils can lead to spoilage. Uses:  It is sometimes used in biotechnological applications for biodiesel production. Example: Candida milleri Type:  Yeast Origin:  Present in soil, plants, and sugar fermentation processes. Special Features:  This yeast can enhance flavors, particularly in olive oil, where fermentation improves its taste profile. Candida milleri , together with Candida humilis , is the most representative yeast species found in type I sourdough ecosystems. Powder of Algaroth: Antimony Oxychloride Purgative Arsenic Trioxide: Paris Green Paint Pigment & Pesticide Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Budding Yeast Cells 3. Aspergillus spp. (Mold) Origin: Aspergillus molds are commonly found in soil and decaying plant matter. Special Features: Some Aspergillus species can produce mycotoxins, which can be harmful to humans and animals. Survival in Oil: While molds generally require more moisture, some can survive in a low-moisture environment like oils. Occurrence in Nature: They are widespread in various environments. Hazards: Species like Aspergillus flavus produce aflatoxins, which are toxic and carcinogenic. Uses: Certain Aspergillus species are used in fermentation for soy sauce, sake, and various probiotic supplements. Example: Aspergillus niger Type:  Fungus Origin:  Commonly found in decaying plant material, this mold often enters during oil extraction. Special Features:   Aspergillus niger produces enzymes that aid in breaking down carbohydrates and fats, improving extraction process. Artisan Perfumery: Four Degrees of Fragrance Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists "Head" of Aspergillus niger Survival Tactics Microbes have impressive strategies to help them prosper in the high-fat environment of oils. Adaptation to High Fat Concentration:  Many microbes produce lipases. These enzymes allow them to break down fats for energy, an adaptation crucial for survival in oil.    Biofilm Formation:  Some bacteria form biofilms, protective layers that help them stick to surfaces and stay resilient against washing during processing.    Anaerobic Conditions:  Certain microbes flourish in low-oxygen environments commonly found in sealed oil containers, enhancing their ability to survive. Microbes in Animal-Based Oils While many oil-dwelling microbes thrive in plant-based oils, in animal fats, the microbial environment changes due to different lipid compositions. Some bacteria can be present, especially if the oil or fat is contaminated. The harsh environment of animal fats, with a higher saturated fat content, makes it less conducive to the lives of many of the microbes in vegetable oils. Guar Gum: Unique Qualities for Art & Crafts Wolfsbane ( Aconitum ) Ancient Poisons Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Animal-based fats and oils - bacon fat is a type of lipid Are Vegetable Oil Microbes Hazardous? Not all microbes in cooking oils are harmful, but some can lead to spoilage or toxicity. It's important to follow food hygiene practices. These include proper storage, using oils before expiry, and keeping the working area, bottles and utensils clean during oil production or food preparation. An example hazard is artisan or home-made garlic oil, which can support growth of Clostridium botulinum bacteria, the microbe causing botulism. For safety reasons, vegetable based cooking oils should be made fresh. Leftovers have a 3-day grace period in the fridge. Pathogenic Strains:  Some strains of Bacillus cereus can produce toxins that may be harmful to humans. According to the USDA, these toxins can lead to foodborne illnesses affecting thousands each year.    Rancidity Issues:  Microbial contamination is a leading cause of rancidity in oils, which can lead to unpleasant flavors and reduced nutritional value. Research indicates that rancid oils can lose up to 50% of their initial antioxidant content.    Food Safety Regulations:  Food safety standards set stringent limits on microbial content in oils to minimize health risks. Problems can arise when microbes start to colonize. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Methanogens: Microbes of Methane Production Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle microbial communities Historical and Modern Applications Fermentation:  Traditional olive oil has benefited from benefitting yeast and bacteria, enriching its flavors and aroma. Fermented oils are often preferred in Mediterranean cuisines for their distinct taste.    Preservation:  Historically, certain microbes were employed in oils to leverage their natural properties, preserving the oil and preventing spoilage for longer periods. Biotechnology:  Researchers are now exploring the lipid-degrading abilities of microbes to develop biodegradable products. Industries project that this could lead to reducing plastic waste by up to 30% in the next decade.    Food Industry:  Studies are ongoing to understand how beneficial microbes can enhance flavor profiles and antioxidant content in oils. Some oils are found to have up to 20% more antioxidants when infused with specific beneficial microbes.    Pharmaceuticals:  Oils with unique microbial communities are under investigation for their potential to produce bioactive compounds, which may offer therapeutic benefits. Alchemy: Circulation & the Pelican Phantasy Etch Carnelian Beads Like It's Indus Valley 2500 BCE The Unseen World: Protozoans in Nature Artisan oils - cleanliness, sterilization of bottles and equipment are crucial to prevent growth of pathogens Facts About Oil-Dwelling Microbes Spoiling Agents: Many microbes can cause rancidity in oils, altering their taste and smell. Optimal Conditions: Microbial growth in oils is more pronounced in warm, humid conditions, making clime an essential factor. Biotechnological Potential: Some microbes are being studied for their potential to convert vegetable oils into biofuels or other valuable chemicals. Microbiological Testing: Microbial testing is crucial in the food industry to ensure oils remain safe for consumption. Future Research: Ongoing studies are exploring the genetic makeup of these microbes and how they can be utilized for enhancing oil quality and safety. Microbial Diversity:  Although oils may seem uniform, the microbial communities within can be incredibly diverse, with studies showing hundreds of species existing together. Surprising Interactions:  The symbiosis between certain microbes can lead to enhanced flavors and aromas in oils, making them highly valued in the culinary world. Climate Resilience:  Many microbes have shown the ability to withstand extreme temperatures and varying pH levels, highlighting their remarkable adaptability. Evolutionary Marvels:  Understanding the genetic material of these microbes can shed light on their evolutionary pathways and survival strategies. Dynamic Ecosystems:  Changes in light, temperature, and air exposure can significantly affect the microbial populations in oils, resulting in a constantly evolving ecosystem. Secret Lives of Sulfuric Acid-Making Bacteria Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Early Microscope, 17th century, Dutch Museum Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

China in 2025 is a nation in flux, balancing economic growth with social and environmental impact. Global influence and ambition enables this leading superpower to shape modern geopolitical landscapes. Here's an overview. Yellow River Civilization: Ancient China History of China: Ancient Days to Space Race Nüwa: Chinese Primordial Snake Goddess Government & Politics China is a one-party state governed by the Communist Party of China (CPC). General Secretary Xi Jinping leads the country, consolidating power and emphasizing national rejuvenation. The CPC maintains tight control over all aspects of society, including media, education and the internet. While economic liberalization has happened, political dissent is heavily suppressed. The centralized structure enables rapid decision-making, which can expedite development projects. This can come at the cost of individual freedoms. Xi Jinping's leadership focuses toward strengthening national power and expanding global influence. China prioritizes technological advancements and economic self-sufficiency, while maintaining strict social control. Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space Reishi or Lingzhi - Mushroom Magic Glutamates: Umami Flavors & Brain Cells Xi Jinping in 2024 The CPC’s initiative “Made in China 2025” plan spotlights sectors like robotics and aerospace. It seeks to eliminate dependence on foreign technology. Xi Jinping has had a cult of personality constructed around himself since entering office in 2012. Books, cartoons, pop songs and dance routines honor his rule. Following Xi's ascension to the leadership core of the CCP, he's referred to as Xi Dada (Uncle or Papa Xi) until April 2016. The village of Liangjiahe, where Xi is sent as a youth, is decorated with propaganda and murals extolling the formative years of his life. Fuxi: Chinese Primordial Emperor God Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Chinese Alchemy: Mind Body Spirit Major Exports and Imports China is the world's largest exporter, sending out over $2.5 trillion worth of goods annually. Major exports include electronics, machinery, textiles, furniture, apparel and manufactured goods. Imports are primarily raw materials like crude oil, iron ore and natural gas. China also imports advanced technology, semiconductors, and agricultural products. Another import is soybeans to sustain industrial growth and feed the approximately 1.4 billion citizens. In 2020, 70% of soybeans imported by China come from Brazil and the US. Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Ge Hong: Teachings Alchemy Medicine Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry tofu skewers Natural Resources China has abundant natural resources, the most plentiful being coal. Others include iron ore, oil, natural gas, and rare earth minerals. China has about 2.4 million metric tons of tungsten reserves, more than any other country. Uneven distribution of natural resources necessitates reliance on imports. Coal accounts for 57% of energy consumption. This causes environmental problems, most notably severe air pollution. In 2023 China has the highest level of carbon emissions on the planet. Recently China invests in renewable sources, to increase its renewable energy share to 30% of total energy use. It's an ongoing struggle between resource extraction and environmental preservation. Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Jade - Jadeite, Nephrite & Jade Roads Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy tungsten ring State of the Economy China's economy is the second largest globally, characterized by rapid expansion driven by industrialization and rising consumer spending . It experiences growth at a more moderate pace than in previous decades. Focus shifts to high quality, innovation-driven expansion with investments in technology, artificial intelligence and renewable energy. China moves toward a model emphasizing technology and consumer consumption. Problems include mounting debt, addressing regional inequalities, and ongoing trade tensions. The real estate sector is experiencing a decline in some cities. Silver (Ag): Ancient Trade to Modern Tech Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Artificial Intelligence: Power of Prediction Pollution Decades of rapid industrialization result in environmental problems. Air and water pollution are serious concerns, particularly in urban and industrial centers. Pollution impacts public health and sparks social unrest. Major cities, like Beijing and Shanghai, regularly suffer from poor air quality, while rural areas deal with water scarcity affecting farms. China has tightened regulations on industrial pollution and invested over $125 billion in green technologies. Substantial work is needed. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): the Good & the Bad Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins Artificial Intelligence: Power of Prediction Shanghai air pollution Trading Partners China's major trading partners include the United States for now, the European Union, ASEAN countries, Japan, and South Korea. Trade relationships are complex and often subject to geopolitical factors. In 2020, 15% of China's exports go to the US. Lately, animosity is incurred by the US over trade tariffs. India is also off the list of favored partners since 2023. As global trade shifts, China increasingly works with developing nations through projects like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This aims to enhance international connections while securing resources and markets. Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment Ideonella sakaiensis : Plastic-Eating Bacteria Casting the Bones - Astragalomancy Electronics are China's biggest export The BRI includes a Silk Road Economic Belt. This transcontinental route connects China with Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, Russia and Europe by land. A 21st-century Maritime Silk Road is part of the initiative. It's a sea route linking China’s coastal areas with Southeast and South Asia, the South Pacific, the Middle East, Eastern Africa and extending to Europe. The BRI transforms global trade dynamics and increases China's influence in the global South. Conversely it sparks geopolitical resistance and skepticism from Western countries. Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Nickel (Ni): Metallurgy Facts & Folklore Major Urban Centers Shanghai: A global financial hub and a major port city. Beijing: The political and cultural capital. Guangzhou: A major manufacturing and trading center. Shenzhen: A leading technology hub and a Special Economic Zone. Hong Kong: A Special Administrative Region with financial autonomy. Megacities like Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen are important economic centers. They offer job opportunities and impressive infrastructure. Rapid urban growth also finds 25 million people in need of housing. Artificial Intelligence: Technology & Society How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Military, Weapons & Allies The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is one of the world's largest and most modern militaries. China invests heavily in military capabilities, including naval power, airpower, and cyber warfare. It maintains close strategic partnerships with countries like Russia and Pakistan. China supports North Korea, Myanmar and other nations seeking to build up military might. It provides weapons to Russia in the current war with Ukraine and allies with various Asian and African countries to expand influence. It's a volatile situation as China wants to maintain prosperous relations with the West. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA), is undergoing modernization, with investments aimed at enhancing capabilities in airborne, naval, and cyber operations. Military budget exceeds $250 billion according to 2022 stats. Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Transition Metals in Science and Health Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Xi Jinping propaganda poster Nuclear Arsenal Recognized as a nuclear power, China maintains a growing arsenal focused on deterrence rather than aggression. It's estimated China has around 320 nuclear warheads. The government commits to a no-first-use policy. Space Program China's space program has successfully landed rovers on the Moon and Mars. China has its own space station, Tiangong. These achievements mark China's growing tech prowess and ambition as a leading space power. China's space program has made significant strides, including successful manned missions and lunar explorations. The establishment of the Tiangong space station represents a considerable leap in China's ambitions in space exploration and international collaboration. Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure North Korea (DPRK): Total Control Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Tiangong space station Life of the Average Citizen The life of the average Chinese citizen varies greatly depending on location and socioeconomic status. Urban dwellers typically enjoy higher incomes and access to better services than those in rural areas. Internet access is widespread, but subject to censorship and surveillance. Education and healthcare are increasingly accessible. I n many rural areas, poverty persists. Within urban spaces, cultural norms shift toward modern practices as consumer habits evolve. Yet, citizens often contend with government surveillance and censorship. Silica (SiO2): Nature of Glass & Gems Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Housing Housing affordability is a major concern for many citizens, especially in major cities. Rapid urbanization causes property prices to soar. The government attempts stabilize the market and increase availability of affordable housing. Employment China's labor market is vast and diverse. While manufacturing remains a significant sector, the service sector is growing rapidly. Unemployment is relatively low, but concerns exist about availability of high-skilled jobs. While cities offer greater job prospects, competition is fierce. Many graduates enter the job market annually, with growing emphasis on technology and innovation shaping career options. Make an AI for Stock Market Analysis & Prediction Great Cormorant: Wild Birds & Mythic Beasts Tardigrades (Water Bears): Extreme Survivors Religion Religious freedom is officially guaranteed by the constitution, but religious activities are regulated and monitored by the government. Major religions include Buddhism, Taoism, Islam and Christianity. The government maintains tight control over religious organizations to ensure religion stays in line with socialist values. Moderate practices are accepted. Those deemed extreme may face persecution. Rules for Foreigners Foreigners traveling and working in China are subject to specific rules and regulations. Visa requirements can be complex and subject to change. Foreign businesses face regulatory hurdles and must navigate complex legalities. Internet access is restricted, requiring the use of VPNs to access blocked websites. Algae: Evolution, Science & Environment Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Soy Sauce: A Cultural Culinary Odyssey Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

China is the oldest continuous civilization in the world. Its history spans thousands of years including the Yellow River culture, Warring States, communism to complexities of modern governance and global relations. Nüwa: Chinese Primordial Snake Goddess Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Women Scientists of the Ancient World Yellow River and Early Dynasties China's history traces back to the Neolithic era, when farming communities first emerge along the Yellow River, also known as the Huang He. Fertility of the land supports agriculture and abundant population growth. Complex societal structures arise. The legendary Xia Dynasty (c. 2100-1600 BCE) is based in this period. In traditional Chinese historiography, the Xia is recognized as the first dynasty. The Xia Dynasty is considered instrumental to governance and social organization. It's often credited with creating early government systems. Fuxi: Chinese Primordial Emperor God Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness According to legend the Xia dynasty is founded by Yu the Great. He receives the throne from Shun, final ruler among the Five Emperors. The Five Emperors are the Yellow Emperor, Zhuanxu, Emperor Ku, Emperor Yao, and Shun. The Yellow Emperor, also known as Huangdi, is said to rule for 100 years, from 2697 to 2597 BCE. Many tales surround the enigmatic figure of the Yellow Emperor. He's thought to originate as a god who becomes a culture hero. Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Soy Sauce: A Cultural Culinary Odyssey Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Yellow Emperor, Han Dynasty mural painting Above inscription reads: 'The Yellow Emperor created and changed a great many things; he invented weapons and the wells and fields system; he devised upper and lower garments, and established palaces and houses'. The Xia dynasty is followed by the Shang dynasty (c. 1600-1046 BCE). The Shang solidifies state power with bronze technology, sophisticated writing systems and a hierarchical society centered around ancestor worship. Religious practices like ancestor worship or ritual offerings become deeply rooted during this time. These shape Chinese cultural identity for centuries. The Shang greatly influence later dynasties including that of the Zhou. The Zhou Dynasty (1046-256 BCE) introduces the Mandate of Heaven, the philosophical justification for dynastic rule. It continues to empower leaders throughout Chinese history. Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Ge Hong: Teachings Alchemy Medicine The Zhou also implement a feudal system. This eventually contributes to their downfall. Between foreign invasions and the growing power of its own feudal states, the Zhou can't maintain control over its vast territory. The Warring States and the Rise of Imperial China The Zhou Dynasty gives way to the Warring States period (475-221 BCE). The era of constant conflict inspires strategic commentary like Sun Tzu's "Art of War," and rise of profound philosophical schools of thought. This chaotic time is marked by fierce battles among regional states and debates among philosophical schools. Thinkers like Confucius and Laozi emerge, advocating for different moral frameworks and governance styles. Chinese Alchemy: Mind Body Spirit Reishi or Lingzhi - Mushroom Magic Chun Yuyan & Death of Empress Xu Confucius Confucianism, emphasizing social harmony, filial piety and virtuous leadership, leans towards stability. Also known as Ruism or Ru classicism Confucianism is a system of thought and behavior. It's variously described as tradition, humanist or rationalist philosophy, religion, theory of government or way of life. Confucianism develops from teachings of Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE). Laozi. a central figure in Chinese culture, is considered the founder of Taoism (Daoism). With focus on harmony with nature, Taoism has a powerful influence. Quest for Immortality - Qin Shi Huang 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Jade - Jadeite, Nephrite & Jade Roads Dragons are powerful - dragon is the only legendary animal in the Chinese zodiac It introduces forms of meditation, astrology, qigong, feng shui and internal alchemy .    Daoist ethics emphasize virtues like effortless action, naturalness, simplicity and three treasures of compassion, frugality, and humility. Legalism advocates for strict laws and harsh punishments. It's also known as Fajia or School of fa (laws, methods). Legalism is used by the first Chinese Emperor Qin to suppress Confucianism. Dynastic Cycles and Imperial Rule From the Warring States, the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) under Qin Shi Huang unifies China as the first centralized imperial state. Qin standardizes writing, currency and measurements and starts constructing the Great Wall. Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ): Ancient Uses & Medicine Is Cherry Laurel Poisonous? Great Wall of China While the Qin Emperor's reign is short and authoritarian, it's also colorful. He's known for creating the foundation for subsequent Chinese dynasties, his amazing tomb with terracotta army, and his quest for the Elixir of Life . The Han Dynasty (206 BCE - 220 AD) succeeds Qin, adopting Confucianism as the state ideology. It's a golden age of economic prosperity, innovation like papermaking and the water wheel, and expansion along the Silk Road. However, the Han's decline led to instability, with power struggles among warlords, rampant corruption, and societal turmoil. Subsequent dynasties follow cyclical patterns of strength and growth to decline and internal strife. Wolfsbane (Aconitum) Ancient Poisons Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Mold: Cultivation & Use in Food Fermentation The Taoist Eight Immortals originate in the Han dynasty The Sui (581-618 AD) and Tang (618-907 AD) Dynasties restore unity and promote innovations in art, literature and technology. Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD): Considered a peak of Chinese civilization, Tang is marked by poetry, art, and cosmopolitan trade. rice is a basic food for over half the world's population Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD): Song is known for its economic revolution, the development of printing, and a flourishing merchant class. Innovations in agriculture include new rice strains which increase yields. Census data from this period shows a population increase to 100 million, supporting a burgeoning consumer society. Despite these advancements, external threats ultimately lead to the Song's decline. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): the Good & the Bad How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Dim Sum originates in the Song Dynasty Mongol Rule - Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368 AD): Under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongols launch a vast campaign that culminating in the Yuan Dynasty. While they maintain many administrative systems from previous dynasties, their rule is met with considerable resistance from local populations. Strife degrades internal and external relations. Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD): The Ming show a rejection of Mongol rule, revival of Han cultural identity and return to traditional Chinese values. The dynasty makes major contributions to exploration and the arts. Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Feudalism & the German Peasants' War "Travelers Through the Mountain Passes" Dai Jin, founder of Zhe school of painting, Ming Dynasty The Ming era is notable for maritime expeditions led by Admiral Zheng He. Zheng He sails as far as the east coasts of Africa, greatly expanding the overseas influence of China. The construction of the Forbidden City and advancements in pottery and literature come from the Ming period. Despite its successes, internal corruption and external pressures from rising powers lead to decline. Qing Dynasty (1644-1912 AD): Ruled by the Manchus, the Qing initiates territorial expansion and prosperity. Its fall is attributed to factors such as internal unrest and Western imperialism. North Korea (DPRK): Total Control Methane (CH4): Science of Microbial Gas Nine Years War 1688-1697 France vs. Europe part of the Forbidden City, Beijing The Qing Dynasty establishes rule through military conquests and marks the greatest expansion of Chinese territory. It must deal with European colonial ambitions and widespread domestic rebellions. The Opium Wars of the 19th century expose the Qing weakness against Western powers. Forced to sign unequal treaties, China endures territorial concessions, economic exploitation, and a decline in global standing. The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864), a civil war, is fought between the Qing dynasty and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. Rebel leader is Hong Xiuquan, a self-proclaimed prophet. Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar Opium Poppy (Papaver somnifum) What Robots Need to Function & Survive Hong Xiuquan believes he is the younger brother of Jesus Christ. The Taiping Rebellion has a horrendous death toll estimated at 20 million people. The Qing's inability to modernize and respond to foreign interventions, especially during the Opium Wars, cause heavy territorial losses and popular discontent. This eventually leads to the 1911 Revolution. Opium poppy Papaver somniferum The Age of Imperialism and Revolution The early 20th century is a time of rebellious action. Sun Yat-sen's republican ideals incite the Xinhai Revolution in 1911, ending the Qing Dynasty and establishing the Republic of China. However, the republic quickly fractures. By 1916 warlords take over, leaving China once more fragmented and vulnerable. Carbon Sequestration: Environmental Health Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health Communism and the Rise of Modern China The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), founded in 1921, surges under the leadership of Mao Zedong. After a long and bloody civil war against the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek, the CCP are victorious. In 1949 Mao Zedong establishes the People's Republic of China (PRC). Chiang Kai-shek and his forces retreated to Taiwan, which still remains a politically sensitive issue. Mao's rule is marked by radical social and economic experiments. Sadly the Great Leap Forward, an attempt at rapid industrialization, results in widespread famine and loss of up to 30 million lives. Emmer Wheat - First Domestic Crops CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) causes ideological purges, persecution of intellectuals and further social upheaval. Nonetheless Mao unifies China, improves literacy and clears the way for industry. During the Cold War, the PRC is integral to global dynamics, initially aligning with the Soviet Union. By the 1970s, China seeks reconciliation with the West, marked by American President Nixon's visit in 1972. After Mao's death in 1976, Deng Xiaoping initiates economic reforms, shifting China toward a market economy while maintaining CCP politics. Massive economic growth makes China the second-largest world economy. Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar Mao Zedong's picture in Tiananmen Square Modern China Today, China is a global power with immense economic, political and military influence. Ongoing problems include income inequality, environmental degradation, demographic shifts and tensions in the South China Sea. China claims sovereignty over nearly all of the South China Sea. The countries of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam dispute the claim, resulting in violent clashes with China. Despite this, China's trade volume with ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations) rises rapidly. In recent years it reaches nearly $700 billion. Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses Ideonella sakaiensis : Plastic-Eating Bacteria Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy Politics: Dominated by the CCP, with a centralized political system. Economy: A socialist market economy with significant state control and increasing private enterprise. Military: Rapidly modernizing military with growing global reach. Foreign Policy: Assertive foreign policy focused on economic diplomacy, strategic partnerships, and territorial claims. China's relationships with neighboring countries are filled with both cooperation and historical grievances. While economic partnerships have expanded, underlying historical tensions sometimes hinder collaboration. China's extensive history includes many contributions to human civilization. Innovations such as paper, gunpowder and the compass have improved and destroyed lives worldwide. Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Food to Energy: Krebs Cycle & Cell Balance How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts Firecracker explosion - gunpowder in China is originally used medicinally. It's first known in warfare c. 900 AD. Traditions in poetry, painting, and philosophy leave a lasting imprint on global culture. Festivals, cuisine and artwork are integral to China's cultural heritage and celebrated both at home and overseas. Chinese New Year is a high-energy event throughout the world. Global interest in Chinese culture, including martial arts and traditional medicine, shows the enduring influence of its ancient civilization. Allies and Enemies China cultivates relationships with developing nations through initiatives like the Belt and Road. Its relations with Japan, India, and some Southeast Asian nations are complicated by territorial disputes and historical issues. China maintains strong economic ties with many countries, including the United States, though political relations are strained. China is now taking part in trade tariff wars, incited by recent US elections. Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Of the 7100 individual tigers left in China, only about 100 live in the wild. China shares land borders with fourteen countries. It's the second-largest country by land area, after its ally Russia. 28 countries have partnerships, cooperative relations or strategic relations of mutual benefit with China. These are Afghanistan, Pakistan, North Korea , Timor-Leste, Russia, the Philippines, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Laos, Maldives, Malaysia, Mongolia, Bangladesh, Myanmar , Nepal, Japan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkmenistan, Brunei, Uzbekistan, Singapore, India, Indonesia and Viet Nam. China in today's world China provides weapons to North Korea and the military in Myanmar. According to Financial Times China supplies 90% of microchips imported by Russia in 2023. The microchips are in Russian tanks, missiles and aircraft. Up to 2008 China has a favorable relationship with India. Recent tensions have generally reversed this. Magnesium (Mg): Ecology & Human Health How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Agriculture: Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis World Concerns China is one of the nine countries known for a growing arsenal of nuclear weapons. Others include North Korea, Pakistan, India, Israel, US and the UK. China starts developing nuclear weapons in the 1960s, after being refused nuclear assistance from the Soviet Union. While China accedes to the Nuclear Nonprofleraton Treaty March 9, 1992, its growing nuclear arsenal has come under scrutiny. China maintains a "no first use" policy, meaning it will nuke only if attacked first. Nuclear weapons solidify China's status as a global superpower and have some nations worried. China is also the heaviest air polluter on the planet with 2023 emissions reaching over 11.4 million metric tons. This is about six times as much as the entire Amazon rain forest can absorb. In fact the rainforest is now emitting more CO2 than it absorbs due to both global and local causes. Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Shanghai air pollution With a population of over 1.4 billion, China is the second-most populous country after India, with 17.4% of the global count. Its area is about 9.6 million square kilometers (3,700,000 sq mi), equivalent to five time zones. China is divided into 33 province-level divisions: 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 semi-autonomous special administrative regions. Beijing is the capital. Shanghai with 24 million people is the most populous city by urban area, and the largest financial hub. Religion in China varies. Buddhism / Taoism are common, though many people are not religious. Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Molybdenum (Mo): Ecology & Human Health Organic Polymers: Ecology & Natural Health Tian Tan Buddha, Hong Kong China's biggest exports in recent years are broadcasting equipment ($307B), computers ($158B), integrated circuits ($154B), office machine parts ($89B) and electric batteries ($80B). The five most important natural resources are coal, hydroelectric power, forests, oil and natural gas. In 2025, exploiting weakness of the economy and national security in the US, China places restrictions on exports of five critical minerals. Bismuth, indium, molybdenum , tellurium and tungsten are all important to tech, clean energy and space exploration. Wolframite, the ore of tungsten. 75% of world supply is from China. China's space program is robust. It's the first country to land on the dark side of the moon, in 2019. China sends a joint satellite / rover system to Mars in 2021. Expected to last three months, rover Zhurong trundles along for over a year before taking a nap and succumbing to Mars dust. The satellite stops transmission in 2023. China's space program continues to grow. Tardigrades (Water Bears): Extreme Survivors Vermicompost: Composting with Worms Hundred Years’ War: Battles & Overview Chinese Tiangong Space Station Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Air pollution is an accelerating global crisis affecting millions of lives and ecosystems. Air pollution is contamination of the atmosphere with harmful substances like gases and chemicals. In some places it's thick as fog. How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Sources of pollutants include vehicle emissions, industrial discharges, fossil fuel combustion, and natural occurrences like wildfires and volcanic eruptions. Human activities are the primary cause of contamination. Air pollution happens when harmful substances exist in the atmosphere. These include gases, chemicals, tiny particles, and biological material like ash. Pollutants can be divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary pollutants are emitted directly from a source. An example is nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by vehicles. Pollutants arise form mass manufacturing, older cars and large vehicles. Phytoplankton: Environment & Human Health Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space Secondary pollutants form through chemical reactions in the atmosphere. For example ground-level ozone is caused by interaction of sunlight and pollutants like volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides. Hotspots of Pollution: Regions Most Affected Although air pollution is a widespread issue, some areas experience more severe air quality challenges. Major urban centers often have the greatest problems due to high traffic and industrial activity. South Asia:  Cities in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh consistently rank among the most polluted in the world, driven by industrial activity, vehicle emissions, agriculture and biomass burning. How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Fungal Biofilms: Ecology of Biofilm-Producing Molds Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons Dharka, Bangladesh rates as the world's most polluted city including waste, water and air pollution. Delhi is the top city in India affected by air pollution. East Asia:  China has reduced air pollution in recent years. Many cities still have high levels, especially in winter. Beijing and Shanghai are known for hazardous air quality, largely due to heavy industry and reliance on coal. Indoor and outdoor air pollution in North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) is responsible for 255.4 deaths per 100,000 people in 2019. According to WHO 2022 it's the highest rate worldwide. Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts What Robots Need to Function & Survive coal mine - many countries rely on coal for energy, causing critical air pollution rates United States: Los Angeles and New York especially have air pollution hazards, largely from traffic congestion and industrialization. Africa:  Rapid urbanization and industrialization, coupled with limited environmental regulations, increase air pollution levels in many African cities. Most polluted are Cairo, Egypt; Accra, Ghana; and Lagos, Nigeria. Eastern Europe:  Reliance on coal for energy generation and aging industrial infrastructure contribute to air pollution problems in Eastern European countries like Kraków, Poland and Vidin, Bulgaria. Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health a ban on domestic and wood burning in some Eastern European cities has little effect on industry Middle East:  Rapid urbanization and industrial growth in countries like Iran have contributed to serious air quality problems. Measuring Air Pollution Particulate Matter (PM): PM is classified by size, with PM2.5 (smaller than 2.5 micrometers) and PM10 (smaller than 10 micrometers) of greatest concern. These can penetrate deep into the lungs and bloodstream. Measurement devices like beta attenuation monitors and tapered element oscillating microbalances (TEOMs) are used to determine PM concentrations. Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities Transition Metals in Science and Health Gaseous Pollutants: Common gaseous pollutants include ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). These are measured by instruments like gas analyzers using absorption spectroscopy, chemiluminescence and electrochemical sensors. Air Quality Index (AQI): The AQI is a single number used to communicate overall air quality to the public. It's based on concentrations of multiple pollutants and assigned a color code. It goes from green or good to maroon or hazardous. Numerically the AQI ranges from 0 to 500, where higher values indicate worse air quality. Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Oxidation: Metabolism & Molecular Action Causes of Air Pollution Burning of Fossil Fuels: Power generation, transportation, and industrial processes reliant on coal, oil, and natural gas are major sources of pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. The combustion of coal and oil in power plants and heating systems produces not only carbon dioxide but also sulfur dioxide and particulates. Industrial Emissions: Factories and manufacturing facilities release a wide range of pollutants, including heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter. Factories release a range of pollutants into the atmosphere. For example, a coal-fired power plant can emit millions of tons of sulfur dioxide annually. Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Methane (CH4): Science of Microbial Gas Agriculture: Mass livestock farming contributes to methane emissions, while the use of fertilizers releases ammonia into the atmosphere. Ammonia is an ingestible form of nitrogen for plants. Burning agricultural waste is also a major source of air pollution in some regions. Transportation: Vehicles, especially older models and those using diesel fuel, emit significant amounts of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. In urban areas, cars and trucks generate significant amounts of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Residential Heating and Cooking: In many parts of the world, burning wood or other solid fuels for heating and cooking is a significant source of indoor and outdoor air pollution. Natural Sources: Volcanoes, wildfires, and dust storms can contribute to air pollution , releasing vast amounts of smoke and particulates. Health Effects of Air Pollution The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates air pollution causes 7 million premature deaths globally each year. Respiratory Diseases: Air pollution can trigger and exacerbate respiratory conditions like asthma, bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Food to Energy: Krebs Cycle & Cell Balance Tardigrades (Water Bears): Extreme Survivors Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life landfill fuming Cardiovascular Diseases: Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increases risk of heart disease. Exposure to air pollution increases the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and other cardiovascular problems. Cancer: Long-term exposure to certain air pollutants, such as particulate matter and benzene, has been linked to an increased risk of lung cancer and other cancers. Developmental Issues: Air pollution exposure during pregnancy can inhibit fetal development, causing low birth weight and other health problems. Neurological Effects: Air pollution may contribute to cognitive decline and increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease. Kotharat - Bronze Age Birth Goddesses Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: Life Forms on Earth Microbial Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis Air pollution causes ecosystem degradation, poisoning and environmental changes. Acid rain, formed from sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, is a known danger in soil and water, affecting aquatic life and plant growth. Air Pollution & Economy Healthcare Costs: Treating illnesses caused or exacerbated by air pollution places a heavy burden on healthcare systems. Lost Productivity: Illnesses and premature deaths due to air pollution result in lost workdays and reduced productivity. Agricultural Losses: Air pollution can damage crops, reducing yields and impacting food security. Tourism: Air pollution can deter tourists from visiting polluted areas, impacting the tourism industry. Damage to Infrastructure: Air pollution can corrode buildings and infrastructure, needing costly repairs. How Astronauts Breathe in Space CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Cell Communication in Living Organisms Air pollution is often accompanied by other problems Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are foremost in artificial intelligence. RNNs are used in language translation and speech recognition. They're designed to analyze sequential data. Artificial Intelligence: Technology & Society Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space An RNN is a type of neural network inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. RNNs are designed to mimic the way neurons in the brain process sequences of information. Unlike traditional neural networks, which process inputs independently, RNNs include loops enabling them to retain information over time in a memory. This is necessary to remember previous data points in a sequence. An RNN is designed to recognize patterns in sequences of data, such as text, genomes, photos, handwriting or spoken words. It can create image captions by analyzing pictures and recognizing their contents. Artificial Intelligence: Power of Prediction Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Women Scientists of the Ancient World They're ideal when order of information is important. An RNN can predict the next word in a sentence by considering the words before it, helpful in applications like auto-completion or chatbots. An RNN works by maintaining a hidden state, or memory, with data from prior inputs. When a piece of data is fed to an RNN, it generates an output along with an updated hidden state. The updated hidden state is used in the next time step for further processing. A major advantage of RNNs is their ability to learn from sequences of data instead of individual data points. How to Make an Artificial Intelligence System Super Alloys in Space Exploration Mars Curiosity Rover: Success & Longevity As an example, if an RNN needs to predict the next word in a sentence, it starts by processing the first word. It then uses the information it learns from the first to help predict the second word. As it processes each subsequent word, the RNN instantly updates its predictions. Updates are based on new input and the context given by the previous words in the sentence. This works well for tasks like language translation, speech recognition and time series prediction. RNNs are also used in healthcare for patient monitoring and in generating music. How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts Make an AI for Stock Market Analysis & Prediction Ideonella sakaiensis : Plastic-Eating Bacteria RNNs excel at creating human-like text complete with grammatical errors. Models like Char-RNN can produce diverse outputs ranging from poetry to code. Virtual assistants such as Siri and Alexa heavily rely on RNNs for speech recognition. They can transform spoken words into text by processing sound waves as sequences. An RNN can translate a sentence from English to Spanish by processing the English sentence one word at a time. It then generates the corresponding Spanish words based on sentence context. Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure In industries like finance and meteorology, RNNs forecast by analyzing historical data trends. For example, stock price prediction models using RNNs are known to improve accuracy. The mathematical representation of a basic Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) is h(t) = f(W * [h(t-1), x(t)] + b), where h(t) is the current hidden state, h(t-1) is the previous hidden state, x(t) is the current input at time step t, W is the weight matrix, b is the bias vector, and f is the activation function applied to the weighted sum. The current hidden state is calculated by combining the previous hidden state with the current input through a weighted sum and activation function. Despite many advantages, RNNs can be difficult to train and are prone to vanishing or exploding gradients. This happens when the weights in the network get too small or too large. Weights are numerical values assigned to connections between neurons. These determine the strength and influence of one neuron on another. Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Silver (Ag): Ancient Trade to Modern Tech Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals This can cause gradients to vanish or explode in training. Techniques which overcome this problem include long short-term memory (LSTM) and gated recurrent units (GRUs), to stabilize training and improve RNN performance. RNNs can be trained using a variety of algorithms, including backpropagation through time (BPTT), truncation, and real-time recurrent learning (RTRL). RNNs can be combined with other types of neural networks, such as CNNs or transformers, to create more powerful and versatile models. They're an active area of research, and new techniques developed all the time. Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) An important improvement in RNN technology is the creation of Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. LSTMs can store information over long sequences to address the vanishing gradient problem. Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk What Robots Need to Function & Survive Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top