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Divine Water, oil of vitriol or sulfuric acid, scientifically denoted H₂SO₄, is commonly used in alchemy experiments. A mineral acid, it burns skin and its fumes are dangerous to sinus and respiratory tract. It's corrosive, explosive and one of the favorite fluids of ancient alchemists. Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato This potent oily liquid is called the King of Acids today. Divine water is used for dissolution and purification in alchemical experiments. Sulfuric acid will dissolve almost anything but gold. Thus, divine water becomes part of the purity test, or the acid test, for metals. In trade and commerce it's easy to test metal authenticity by applying a few drops of sulfuric acid. If the metal is anything but gold, it dissolves. The only acid able to dissolve gold is aqua regia or royal water, made of sulfuric and nitric acid , the Acid Queen. Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Pure sulfuric acid doesn't occur naturally due to its attraction to water vapor. It readily absorbs water vapor from the air, becoming an element of acid rain. Because of this hygroscopic quality sulfuric acid causes severe chemical burns, and decomposition by dehydration. Sulfur itself reacts explosively with oxidizing agents including perchlorates, peroxides, permanganates, nitrates, chlorates, chlorine, bromine and fluorine. In alchemy sulfur is the male principle with qualities of "hot, dry" and combustible. Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Eirenaeus Philalethes: Alchemy & Death in Renaissance London Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur In alchemy, sulfur also relates to evaporation, expansion, and dissolution. Corresponding to the human being, it represents the soul (anima), as mercury is spirit or spiritus, and salt is corpus or body. Zosimus of Panopolis , in his tract on "The Divine Water" refers to The Domestic Chemistry of Moses . Moses is often conflated with the biblical figure; he is however the Jewish alchemist Moses of Alexandria, who works in the early centuries AD. Zosimos of Panopolis: Father of Alchemy Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making "This is how, in the maza of Moses [it is said] one burns with sulfur, with salt, with alum, and with sulfur" (white sulfur - the term maza otherwise means black lead, or magnesia) "... as in the instructions of Maria the Jewess ... " Moses recommends this maza be used as the material with which to start the alchemical opus. Works attributed to Moses of Alexandria include alchemical prescriptions for treatment of mercury, copper, arsenic, distillation of water and instructions for chrysopoeia . Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Planetary Name Symbolism in Ancient Astrology Preparation of Divine Water - A Few Methods In his tract on The Divine Water , Zosimus says: "The operation of burning [is] one which all the ancients extolled. Maria, the first, says, 'The copper burnt with sulfur.'" In the late 15th century, Basilius Valentinus describes methods of creating sulfuric acid. One is by burning sulfur with potassium nitrate, or saltpeter . Sulfur and saltpeter are combined in a vessel. A retort or alembic can be used. Through a series of steps, the mixture is distilled and purified, culminating in the creation of Divine Water. Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Basil Valentine: Secrets of Medieval Alchemy Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making In 17th century, Dutch-German chemist Johann Glauber creates sulfuric acid by burning sulfur with saltpeter (potassium nitrate, KNO3) in presence of steam. As saltpeter decomposes, it oxidizes sulfur (S) to sulfur trioxide (SO3), which combines with water to make sulfuric acid. Ferrous Sulphate: Green Vitriol This is a popular way of acid-making. Ferrous sulfate is roasted in an iron retort. The acid distills and drips down the spout into a collector vessel. Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Women Scientists of the Ancient World Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures This can be done in a lab-quality glass container too. On heating, ferrous sulphate crystals lose water and anhydrous ferrous sulphate FeSO4 is formed. Color changes from green to off-white. On further heating, anhydrous ferrous sulphate decomposes to ferric oxide (Fe2O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and sulfur trioxide (SO3), which creates sulfuric acid when combined with water. From the American Chemical Society: " ... Heating in a retort changes the sulfate to ferric oxide and sulfur trioxide. Absorbing the trioxide in water results in concentrated sulfuric acid; absorbing it in normal sulfuric acid forms the “fuming oil of vitriol” needed to produce dyes. It's a complex, difficult process; yields are low and costs are high." Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Ebers Papyrus An alchemical step by step preparation for divine water is as follows: Source Materials : Alchemists begin by sourcing materials rich in sulfur, such as pyrite (iron sulfide) or naturally occurring sulfur crystals. These materials embody the essence of sulfur, believed to contribute to the transformative properties of Divine Water. Calcination : The sulfur source is then subjected to intense heat in a crucible, driven by the alchemical process of calcination. This step purifies materials while allowing release of volatile components. Distillation : Following calcination, the resulting ash is mixed with water and subject to distillation . The alembic is a common alchemical vessel used for this purpose. Distillation ensures the separation of purified components from impurities. Distillate collected in this process represents the initial incarnation of Divine Water. Concentration : The final step involves further distillation to achieve a higher concentration of sulfuric acid. This concentrated form of divine water is believed to possess the pure essence of sulfur and the capacity to catalyze transformation. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy The importance of glass receptacles and utensils in alchemy and medicine is paramount to the proliferation of work in both media, often over-lapping. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4, is not able to dissolve glass and can be safely stored in a glass container. Mercury, another crucial element of the alchemical paradigm, consumes gold, but also can't dissolve glass. This is because neither sulfuric acid nor mercury is corrosive enough to eat through the strong silicon dioxide (SiO2) bonds forming the main component of glass. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Alchemy & Seven Hermetic Principles Sulfur Mercury Principle of Alchemy Words of Maria - White, Black & Yellow Divine Water "The divine water will be lost for those who don't understand what has been written, to know that the [useful] product is sent upward by the long-necked vessel and the tube. But it is customary to designate by this water the vapor of the sulfur and of the sulfurated arsenics. "Because of this you have jeered at me, because in one and the same discourse I have revealed to you such a great mystery. This divine water, whitened by the whitening materials, whitens. Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For Edelweiss: Alpine Flower of True Love Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia, Egg of Philosophers "If it is yellowed by the yellowing materials, it makes yellow. If it is blackened by means of vitriol and gallnut, it blackens, and carries out the blackening of silver and that of our molybdochalkon (an alloy, on average 10% copper, 90% lead) ... " Applications of Divine Water in Alchemy Once prepared, Divine Water is a catalyst for alchemical transmutations. Its corrosive and purifying properties are used to dissolve impurities and reveal the pure substance. It's used for: Dissolution of Matter Alchemists use sulfuric acid to dissolve metals and minerals, extracting essential properties. This process, known as dissolution, can be seen as breaking down the old to facilitate birth of the new. The search for a universal solvent is one of the lesser known aims of alchemy. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals In alchemy this can be seen as color stage black, the decomposition and putrefaction stage from which a pure substance arises. This stage leads ideally to the whitening, with possibly a side trip to the Tail of the Peacock in medieval alchemy. Purification Divine Water cleanses or purifies substances such as gold. Alchemists can use concentrated sulfuric acid to strip organic materials and isolate metals. Among the few metals divine water won't devour are gold and platinum. Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Metal Smelting & Metallurgy in the Ancient World Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Platinum is "discovered" in South America in the 18th century. It's already locally well known at that point. Because it occurs naturally in the alluvial sands of various rivers, it's first used by pre-Columbian South Americans to create artifacts. Medicinal Applications Historical texts refer to the use of divine water in herbal and mineral medicine. Dilute amounts of sulfuric acid in skin ointments is used to treat skin infections, such as canker sores. NEVER apply concentrated sulfuric acid to skin, eyes, etc. It "eats" living human tissue. Vermilion - Scarlet Pigment of Death Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance A main use of sulfuric acid is in the "wet method" for production of phosphoric acid. Sulfuric acid is pivotal in fertilizer production The reaction of sulfuric acid with phosphate rock generates phosphoric acid, a crucial component in agriculture. Battery Production : Sulfuric acid is a key component in lead-acid batteries, widely used in today's electric vehicles. The reversible reaction between lead, lead oxide, and sulfuric acid allows for the storage and release of energy. Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Laboratory Applications : In laboratories, sulfuric acid is often used as a powerful dehydrating agent and as a reaction medium. Its strong acidic nature facilitates numerous reactions, including esterification and sulfonation processes. Chemical Synthesis : It plays an integral role in the manufacture of various chemicals, including hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfate salts, and detergents. Its ability to donate protons makes it a strong dehydrating agent, essential in many reaction processes. Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Isaac Newton, English physicist and mathematician, has a deep interest in the occult. He writes of chronology, biblical interpretation and alchemy. Newton's scientific work goes into his quest to rediscover the wisdom of the ancients - and even turn lead into gold. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Robert Fludd & Renaissance Medicine Process of Projection in Renaissance Alchemy Historical research on Newton's occult studies in relation to his science have also been used to challenge the disenchantment narrative within critical theory. In the Early Modern Period of Newton's lifetime, the academics build a world view different from that of later centuries. Distinctions between science, superstition and pseudoscience are still in process of being formulated. A devoutly Christian biblical perspective permeates Western culture. Egyptian Alchemy - Power of Eternity Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Newton's various surviving alchemical notebooks clearly show he makes no distinctions between alchemy and the science of the day. Optics experiments appear on the same pages as alchemical recipes. Newton doesn't always record his chemical experiments in the most transparent way. Alchemists are notorious for veiling their writings in code such as word games and pictograms. Newton invents new symbols and systems adapted to the practice of alchemy. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Isaac Newton is greatly influenced by Rosicrucianism , a theoretical movement with significant impact on Europe's scholarly community in the early seventeenth century. By the time he matures the hype has died down but its influence is seen in his alchemical pursuits and ideas. He studies copies of Themis Aurea  and Symbola Aurea Mensae Duodecium  by the alchemist Michael Maier ( 1568 - 1622) , both important early works on the Rosicrucian movement. He makes extensive annotations and drawings to the texts. Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Rosicrucianism in the Renaissance Active Imagination: Creative Therapy As the Renaissance ages a pervading doom whispers in the shadows of the mind. Sickness, war, radical changes, famine, drought and religious upheaval take their toll. Behind exuberant paintings of Raphael and the scientific breakthroughs is a steady burn. In a text of 1704, Newton defines his attempts to glean scientific information from the Bible. He estimates the world will end no earlier than 2060. In predicting this, he says, "This I mention not to assert when the time of the end shall be, but to put a stop to the rash conjectures of fanciful men who are frequently predicting the time of the end, and by doing so bring the sacred prophecies into discredit as often as their predictions fail." Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Chun Yuyan & Death of Empress Xu Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Newton brings the allure of Solomon's Temple back to academic circles. The biblical temple in Jerusalem, thought to exist between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE, is detailed in Hebrew Bible texts. It's destroyed in 587 BCE. No remains of the temple have ever been found. According to Newton, King Solomon designs the temple guided by divine inspiration. To him, the temple's geometry was both a mathematical blueprint and chronological representation of Hebrew history. Sulfur Mercury Principle of Alchemy Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Ebers Papyrus Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Newton theorizes that, similar to the ancient writings of philosophers, scholars, and biblical figures, ancient architecture harbors hidden sacred knowledge. The creators encode their wisdom in a system of symbols and mathematics, which can reveal long-last laws of nature. Much of his work is lost when his laboratory catches fire. At the time of his death, Isaac Newton owns 169 books on alchemy in his personal library. It's believed he has more during his time at Cambridge. Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Ancient Astrology: New Perspectives Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History His library is one of the best alchemical collections of its time. Among his possessions, Newton leaves a heavily annotated personal copy of The Fame and Confession of the Fraternity R.C.  by Thomas Vaughan, an English translation of The Rosicrucian Manifestos. The three writings circulate widely in Germany 1614 - 16. They spark intense debate and cause the philosophical Rosicrucian movement. There are no members, no fraternity and no meeting places. Yet, it's a topic of heavy discussion. Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles A significant amount of Newton's writings on alchemy is destroyed in the laboratory fire, thus his contributions to this field may have been more extensive. Newton also has a nervous breakdown during his alchemical ventures. Based on Newton's writings, scholars suggest his aim in alchemy is the search for the philosopher's stone and the Elixir of Life. Newton sees the phenomenon of a Diana's Tree, where a silver "growth" emerges from a solution, as proof metals possess a form of life. Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides The Great Library of Alexandria The Tree of Diana ( Arbor Diana ), also called Tree of the Philosophers ( Arbor Philosophorum ), is thought by some to be an early version of the philosopher's stone. It resembles the structure of coral. The growing activity is crystallization of silver from mercury, in a solution of silver nitrate (lunar caustic). Alchemists call this tree "Diana" because silver is sacred to the Goddess. The branching pattern with fruit-like shapes on the branches, leads ancient and later chemical philosophers to speculate about the potential existence of life within the mineral kingdom. Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Moon Magic - the Feminine Principle Cleopatra the Physician of Greece Certain alchemical practices are outlawed in England during Newton's time. The 1404 decree against multiplication of precious metals is not overturned until 1688. Laws are aimed at frauds who make unrealistic promises to wealthy patrons in order to deceive them. From Dante's Inferno (1308 - 1321): "These sinners are punished with various illnesses. This is as it should be, for sin is a kind of illness or disease. The alchemists have leprosy (the alchemists tried to change lead into gold, and now their skin turns from healthy to diseased) ... " Plight of the Lutzelfrau - A Lora Ley novella Nature Spirits of German Mythology Ereshkigal & the Mesopotamian Underworld At the time of Dante's writing, the Pope's infamous ban against falsification comes into effect, in 1317 AD. Pope John XXII is particularly peeved because his residence at the time is in Avignon, and France is the counterfeiting center of the known world. A minor Rosicrucian resurgence in 1750, the Order of the Golden and Rosy Cross , is the first known establishment of the group. It's an offshoot of Freemasonry and fraternity members have to be Master Masons in good standing. It greatly appeals to the Crown Prince of Prussia. Ancient Astrology: New Perspectives Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Rosicrucians: Order of the Golden & Rosy Cross A byproduct of the Rosicrucian movement, the concept of an invisible colleges forms as a group of academics and intelligentsia. One of these, in London, becomes a "visible college" in 1660 when Charles II forms the Royal Society, starting with twelve members. In 1936, Sotheby's auctions a set of Isaac Newton's unreleased works and items like his death mask on behalf of Gerard Wallop, 9th Earl of Portsmouth. These works, known as the "Portsmouth Papers", include 329 lots of Newton's manuscripts. Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Quintessence: Elemental Life Force More than a third relate to alchemy. Newton's estate deemed this material "unsuitable for publication" at the time of his death, leading to its obscurity until its somewhat dramatic reappearance in 1936. Also in the auction is The Epitome of the treasure of health by Edwardus Generosus Anglicus, an unnamed author who lived in the year 1562 . The twenty-eight-page document explores topics such as the philosopher's stone. Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning It's also referred to as the Animal or Angelicall Stone, the Prospective stone or magical stone of Moses; and the vegetable or the growing stone. It concludes with an alchemical poem. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Projection, according to experts of the Renaissance, is the final act of alchemical work once the Philosophers' Stone has been made. The alchemist casts a piece of the stone into molten metal, and the metal or stone turns to purest ... Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess During the Renaissance (c. 1350 - 1650 depending on region) certain things happen in alchemy. Naturally, European alchemy is not the same practice as Greco-Roman Alexandrian alchemy over a thousand years before, when Maria speaks of projection: "... If copper is modified and brought to the state of a [metallic] body, project on it the color of gold, and you will have gold ... " While earlier alchemists talk of coloring metals, Renaissance alchemy obsesses about turning metals to real gold or silver. This is a huge draw for both patrons and scammers who want wealth, as well as alchemists who truly believe in the making of the mystical stone. Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Laws against falsification begin in earnest with the Pope's decree of 1317. While alchemy is never banned, and very few alchemists are hauled up before the ongoing Inquisition , the atmosphere changes to reliance on a patron or other type of protection, such as religion. Much healing and herbal alchemy is done in convents at this time. Practitioners such as Paracelsus and his followers including Robert Fludd also shun the false allure of gold, and put energy into alchemy for medicine. Moonwort (Botrychium Lunaria): Folklore, Magic and Medicine Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin In gold-making circles, European alchemy develops based on the needs of the practitioner and desires of the patron. Frauds or not, alchemists must convince people they truly can make gold, or find the elixir of life. Patrons and many alchemists want desperately to believe. Renaissance alchemy patrons include the Medici in Italy and Rudolf II in Prague. Even England's Elizabeth I is up for gold-making, and tries to entice Edward Kelley to her court. Kelley however is thrown in prison (twice) by Rudolf II for failing to make gold as promised. Alchemy & Prague: Countess Barbara von Zweibrücken-Neuburg Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Yet Kelley allegedly achieves the transmutation of base metals into gold and silver, according to a letter by John Dee , who attests to the projection. At this point Kelley also has Dee talking to angels who, according to Kelley, want them to wife-swap. Michael Sendivogius is working at the same time as those two characters. In fact, he befriends them and gets them patronage, so it may be no surprise he also claims to achieve projection at the court of the Polish King. Several witnesses attest to this accomplishment. Michael Sendivogius: Adventures in Alchemy Alchemy & the Magnum Opus - Black White Yellow Red Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Another attributed projector is Nicolas Flamel, a real person, scribe, property owner and intellectual who lives with his wife Perenelle in 14th-century France. After he dies, rumors circulate about occult practices and eternal life, as the couple are childless. A couple of centuries later, mysterious writings appear attributed to Flamel. Among these writings is a claim of making a projection of the red stone onto mercury, creating gold. However the only two people present are Perenelle and himself. Nicolas Flamel: Creation of an Alchemy Legend Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Cosimo Ruggeri: Prophecies from the Dark Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Caput mortuum, Latin for as "dead head" is an ominous name for a valued color. As an iron oxide it's easy to make at home. As a purple it's hard to get. From an ancient Egyptian recipe, this earthy pigment is used in art, dyeing and alchemy. Ingredients are commonplace. Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Alchemy comes from several sources. It covers metals and gemology to medicines and herbology, to creation of pigments for painting and dyeing. The purple trend begins with Julius Caesar, who wears the color to stress his importance after seeing it in Egypt. A highly desirable color in ancient Rome, the stylish Tyrian purple requires mass murder of thousands of murex sea snails. The color comes from their mucus glands. Because only the most wealthy can afford Tyrian purple, alternate sources are in great demand. Alchemy Colors: Color Phase Therapy White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Natural dyes like alkanet show up early in history. Alchemical mixtures of purple appear by the first century AD, caput mortuum being among them. Pigments created by alchemists include yellow orpiment , Prussian blue , white and red lead . They're often toxic. The first synthetic purple appears in the mid-19th century. Mauve, or aniline purple, is invented by 18-year-old William Henry Perkin. He discovers a method to make it from coal tar. The color appears on the palettes of the French Impressionists. Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For Prussian Blue - Delight of Artists & Poisoners Here are the simple steps to create caput mortuum pigment at home. It's easy enough to prepare but the final phase involves soaking for several days. Ingredients: Iron oxide, commonly known as rust Vinegar or another acidic solution Glass jars or containers Fine mesh strainer or cheesecloth (muslin) Water Alum: Tanning, Dye & Beauty Salts Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Sylvia Rose Books Step 1: Collecting Iron Oxide (Rust) Begin by gathering iron oxide, which can be scraped or broken as natural rust forming on iron or steel. Rust is easy to collect from old metal tools, nails, or even iron filings. Step 2: Preparing the Acid Solution Next, prepare the acidic solution by combining vinegar with water in a glass jar or container. The acidity of the solution helps in extracting and dissolving the iron oxide from the rust. Step 3: Soaking the Rust Place the rust-collected objects into the acidic solution. Ensure they are fully submerged. Allow the rust to soak in the solution for several days, stirring occasionally to aid the extraction process. Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Step 4: Filtering the Solution After a few days, the acid solution turns a dark brown color, indicating extraction of iron oxide. To separate the pigment from the solution, filter the mixture using a fine mesh strainer or cheesecloth. The residue left behind is caput mortuum pigment. Step 5: Drying and Storing Spread the extracted pigment on a clean surface to dry thoroughly. Once it's dried, store the caput mortuum pigment in a sealed container away from moisture and direct sunlight. Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Sylvia Rose Books This is an alchemy recipe from almost 2000 years ago. Then, it's kept secret, known to only a few practitioners. Today it's made artificially and the key to creation of natural caput mortuum is still missing. The practitioner is free to experiment with different ratios and concentrations to achieve the shades and consistency of this elusive pigment. Enjoy the creative journey. Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Ruby, Rubies: Passion, Blood and Fire Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Nitric acid, called the Queen of Acids or aqua fortis (strong water) is a vital chemical compound with significant importance in fields such as alchemy, industrial processes, chemistry and laboratory applications. This caustic water is powerful and relentless. Niter (Saltpeter): Science of Alchemy Lunar Caustic AgNO3: Lapis Infernalis  of Alchemy The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment What is Nitric Acid? Nitric acid (HNO3) is a highly corrosive and strong mineral acid. It is characterized by its potent oxidizing properties, making it a critical reagent in many chemical processes. In its concentrated form, it is a colorless liquid highly soluble in water. It can take on a yellowish hue due to the presence of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) dissolved in it, especially when stored for long periods. Nitric acid is a key component in the production of fertilizers, explosives, and various chemical compounds. Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Tartrate Crystals: Secrets of Tartaric Acid How to Make Nitric Acid Nitric acid is initially documented by alchemists in the first century AD and likely exists earlier. Ancient preparation methods involve distilling saltpeter, also known as niter or potassium nitrate, with potent vinegar, or acetic acid . One of the most common laboratory methods is through oxidation of ammonia. This process occurs in the presence of oxygen, using catalysts like platinum or rhodium. The overall chemical reaction can be summarized as follows: Ammonia Oxidation : [ 4 NH_3 + 5 O_2 -> 4 NO + 6 H_2O ] Nitric Oxide Oxidation : [ 2 NO + O_2 -> 2 NO_2 ] Formation of Nitric Acid : [ 3 NO_2 + H_2O -> 2 HNO_3 + HNO_2 ] In commercial production of nitric acid a mixture of ammonia and air passes through an oxidation catalyst made of a gauze woven from platinum-rhodium alloy wire. The gas exiting the gauze is between 810°C and 960°C, usually above 850°C. Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Chemistry & Properties of Nitric Acid Nitric acid is known for its strong acidity and powerful oxidizing properties. Here are some of its key properties: Molecular Weight : 63.01 g/mol Density : 1.51 g/cm³ (concentrated) Boiling Point : 83 °C (181 °F) Melting Point : -42 °C (-44 °F) When dissolved in water, nitric acid dissociates into hydrogen ions ((H^+)) and nitrate ions ((NO_3^-)). Due to strong oxidative abilities, it reacts vigorously with metals and non-metals, often producing nitrogen oxides. Mishandling the Acid Queen can cause serious burns. Fulminating Silver: Dangerous Explosives in Alchemical Science Ardent Spirits Alchemy: the Fiery Elixirs of Life Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Nitric Acid in Alchemy Nitric acid is a significant compound in alchemical practices. Alchemists call nitric acid “aqua fortis” or strong water, due to its ability to dissolve metals such as gold and silver when combined with other alchemical compounds. In alchemy nitric acid is used to make silver nitrate or lunar caustic. Three parts hydrochloric acid to one part nitric acid makes the infamous aqua regia, royal water, the Green Lyon of alchemy. This substance dissolves gold, often part of a purifying process. Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Copperas Green & Red Pigment Process Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment In order to extract the (purified) gold from the aqua regia, a reducing agent such as sodium metabisulfite is introduced to specifically convert the gold chloride into solid gold particles, while keeping other metal chlorides unchanged and dissolved in the solution. Another method to extract the gold is thermal decomposition. One needs a heat source (oven) reaching at least 800 °C. First the solution is boiled down to half, then put in the 800 °C oven for an hour or so, and lo and behold, gold appears in solid form. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Nitric acid also appears in writings after 1300 AD mistakenly credited to Albert the Great and Ramon Llull, both from the 13th century. These writings detail the process of distilling a blend of niter and green vitriol, which they call "eau forte" ( aqua fortis ). Green vitriol or ferrous sulfate is also used to make sulfuric acid, known as the Acid King due to its ability of consume almost any metal - but not gold. In the 17th century, Johann Glauber develops a way to produce nitric acid by distillation of potassium nitrate with sulfuric acid. Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Women Scientists of the Ancient World Compounds of Nitric Acid Nitric acid can form various salts and compounds, which are useful in different applications. Some notable compounds include: Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) : Used as a fertilizer and in explosive compositions. Sodium Nitrate (NaNO3) : Commonly used as a preservative in food and in the manufacture of glass. Potassium Nitrate (KNO3) : Best known as saltpeter, it has applications in fertilizers, food preservation, and in pyrotechnics. Calcium Nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) : Used as a fertilizer and a dehydrating agent. Eirenaeus Philalethes: Alchemy & Death in Renaissance London Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Uses of Nitric Acid The applications of nitric acid are extensive, ranging from industrial to laboratory settings: Fertilizer Production : A major use of nitric acid is in producing fertilizers, particularly ammonium nitrate, which is a key ingredient in many agricultural fertilizers. Explosives : It is used in the production of explosives, such as TNT (trinitrotoluene), by nitrating organic compounds. Metal Processing : Nitric acid is essential in metal etching and cleaning processes, as it removes oxides and impurities from metals before further processing. Chemical Synthesis : It serves as a vital reagent in various chemical reactions and synthesizing nitric oxides and other nitrogen compounds. Pharmaceuticals : Nitric acid is used to produce certain pharmaceutical compounds and industrial chemicals. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Thirty Years' War (1618 - 48) is a major factor in the collapse of the European Renaissance and devastates a continent for three tumultuous decades. Originating from a power struggle between Catholic and Protestant states, the war quickly escalates. Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites One of the most devastating conflicts in European history, the beginning of the war builds to violence in the socio-political and religious atmosphere of the late Renaissance, or early modern Europe. How It Happens The Thirty Years' War first flares up between Protestant and Catholic states within the Holy Roman Empire. The conflict starts in the Kingdom of Bohemia when Protestant nobles rebel against the Catholic Habsburg monarchy. Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters The immediate cause is the infamous 1618 Defenestration of Prague, in which Protestant nobles throw two Catholic officials out a window, setting off the Bohemian Revolt. The conflict soon expands beyond Bohemia, drawing in neighboring states. As the conflict evolves, powerful kingdoms such as France, Sweden, Spain, and Denmark get involved. Each state has its own interests, often influenced by desire for territorial expansion, the dominance of the Catholic Church, or the aspiration to suppress Protestantism. Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Tartrate Crystals: Secrets of Tartaric Acid Where It Happens The Thirty Years' War mainly takes place within territories of the Holy Roman Empire, in modern-day Germany, the Czech Republic, Austria and parts of France. Major battles and sieges erupt across the region, such as the Battle of White Mountain (1620), the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631), and the sack of Magdeburg (1631). The war spills over into various parts of Europe as alliances shift, affecting areas such as Denmark, Sweden, and France. Essentially, the conflict turn Central Europe into a battleground, with widespread destruction and devastation. Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Rudolf II Renaissance Prague: Alchemy, Eros & Occult Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Who Are the Antagonists? The war has an array of antagonists involved, making it a complex conflict: The Habsburgs: This powerful dynasty, ruling both the Holy Roman Empire and Spain, wants to maintain Catholic dominance. Protestant states: These include countries like Sweden and Denmark, alongside the Protestant League made up of several German states banding together against Habsburg control. France: Although a Catholic nation, France, led by Cardinal Richelieu, intervenes to counter Habsburg power in Europe, highlighting the war's shifting alliances. Other European powers: Nations like the Netherlands and England take sides, further complicating the conflict. Fire Men & Lights Errant: German Lore Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Weapons and War Equipment The Thirty Years' War witnesses evolution of military tactics and technologies, and a fearsome new era of warfare. From muskets and cannons to pikes and swords, soldiers engage in brutal combat across battlefields scarred by the ravages of war. Pike and shot formations: Infantry armed with pikes, and firearms (muskets) fight in tight formations, maximizing their firepower. Artillery: Cannons become increasingly important, with sieges often determined by artillery barrages. Cavalry: Mobile cavalry were used for flanking maneuvers and quick assaults. Fortifications: Towns were fortified, and siege equipment was extensively employed to breach defenses. Michael Sendivogius: Adventures in Alchemy Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine How It Is Resolved The Thirty Years' War concludes with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, a series of treaties that mark a crucial turning point in European history. The peace agreements involved representatives from various states, with significant decisions made about territorial claims. The treaties resulted in the recognition of Protestantism alongside Catholicism, affirming the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, which grants rulers the right to determine the religion of their own states. The Holy Roman Empire becomes fragmented, with increased autonomy for its member states. France gains territory and influence. How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Effects on Civilians, Economy, and Society The impact of the Thirty Years' War on civilians is catastrophic. The war results in significant civilian casualties, with estimates of up to eight million people dead due to combat, famine and disease. Civilians: Many are displaced, suffering from pillaging, starvation, and violence. Towns are besieged, burned, and left in ruins, leading to long-term trauma and instability. The Poor: The poorer classes face the brunt of the war's devastation. Agricultural production plummets, leading to hunger and impoverishment across the region. Loss of land and resources means many peasants are forced into serfdom or displaced entirely. Nobles and Wealthy Classes: While some nobles manage to profit from the chaos through land acquisition, many see their power diminish as the war exposes the vulnerabilities of the feudal system. Economy: The economy of the Holy Roman Empire is severely damaged, with trade routes disrupted, infrastructure destroyed, and a decline in population. Rebuilding takes decades, causing lengthy economic struggles and a transformation in social structures. Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Known as the first true alchemist, Mary or Maria the Jewess is active in Alexandria c. 100 AD. Her work survives through commentaries and translations, influencing alchemy practitioners even today. Her Tetrasomia combines metals and magic. Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History In Maria's teachings she asserts the Great Work can be created successfully in one certain season. She names Pharmuthi, the Egyptian month corresponding to March and April. It's the 8th month on Egyptian and Coptic calenders. The materials must be wrapped tightly in linen, Maria says, then subjected to salting (taricheia), and finally cooked in the "water of Pontus." Pontus, meaning "sea", may refer to the Mediterranean sparkling on the Alexandrian coast. Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Moonwort (Botrychium Lunaria): Folklore, Magic and Medicine Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess In the course of the transformation, Maria says, one-quarter, or even one-third, of the materials becomes lost. Whatever is left over can be multiplied by means of diplosis, a biology process and doubling formula of Maria. This can be carried out with mercury , and, in particular, with an alloy of four metals. Maria calls these "our lead" or "our copper". The four metals of the tetrasomia are copper iron lead zinc Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic They are "four in one" Maria says, according to Olympiodorus of Thebes . She compares these to an egg of nature, composed of four essential parts: shell, skin, egg white and yolk. She admonishes disciples to properly nurture the metals of the Tetrasomia. Metal is empirically viewed as a material defined by its atomic composition and the resulting chemical and physical characteristics. Alchemists through history have likened their work with metals to biological processes involving creation and care of living organisms and progeny. Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology These analogies come from over two thousand years of metaphors and alchemical symbols evolving over time. They include themes such as the union of opposites, or the fusion of opposing elements into a unified entity. In the early centuries AD metals assume mysterious properties as they do in the Chalcolithic and Bronze ages from c. 5000 BCE. Today they fit into neat little boxes. The elemental signs (ie Pb for lead) first appear 1813 and the periodic table is invented in 1869. Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Metal Smelting & Metallurgy in the Ancient World Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making The first use of the term "noble metal" is in the fourteenth century. Thus throughout the vast ages of the past prevails a spiritual view of the metals, minerals and plants making up the environment. Life appears in all things, even rocks. Maria engenders metals and substances, for instance male sulfur and female mercury, substances she works with often. She knows and warns of the toxic effects of mercury. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Active Imagination: Creative Therapy The four metals are also called, according to Maria, "our copper," or "their copper." The tetrasomia resembles, in its quadruple composition, the human body. In order to make gold, the metal tetrasomia must be heated and "burned" with certain substances. These include sulfur, which becomes vaporized in heat by itself and thereby colors everything, sharing these two features with "all sulfurous materials"; with mercury; with "round alum," or morsels of arsenious acid derived from the arsenic sulfides. Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy What is the Philosopher's Stone? They must also be treated with the "divine water," which can mean a solution or a molten alloy, made of smoke or soot ( aithale ) from substances with sulfur or arsenic. As well is required addition of vitriol ( chalkanthos CuSO4.5H2O, native copper sulfite ) . Otherwise two substances, gallnut and kiki (Egyptian word for castor-oil plant) can be used. Gallnuts are a unique group of natural products created as abnormal growths on branches of plants due to insect infestation and egg laying. Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine In traditional medicine gallnuts treat inflammation and promote wound recovery. Due to potent astringent properties, they are also used for hemorrhages, and gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea, dysentery, and cholera. Oak galls are popular in natural dyeing of fabrics. Other substances according to Maria, with which "our lead" and "our copper" must be treated include alabaster (white oxide of antimony), and sulfide of antimony. If the "copper" is properly nourished with solids and liquids, it undergoes four phases of color transformation. Eirenaeus Philalethes: Alchemy & Death in Renaissance London Alchemy Colors: Color Phase Therapy Wolfsbane ( Aconitum ) Ancient Poisons The substance becomes, in turn, black, white, yellow, and red. These metamorphoses must be considered "effects of the stone," or of the compound powder prepared by the philosopher, which he sprinkles upon the "copper." This creates the transformation whose essence consists of a marriage, that is, the "union of the female and the male." As Maria says, "nature charms, dominates, and conquers nature." These colors come to mean the steps in achieving the Magnum Opus. Yellow is later dropped. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Alchemy: Red King & White Queen Lucrezia Borgia: Exploring the Enigma These colors are also used as guidelines in spiritual alchemy. They're touted as a transitionary process for self-absorption leading to a vague comprehension of ideological enlightenment and alleviation of personal distress. Another procedure either invented by Maria or learned by her from earlier alchemists and described in her writings used by Zosimus was the method of making precious stones shine in the dark. 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Alchemy reveals a world of penniless mystics, befuddled interpretation, arts of coloring metals and the quest for healing. Making gold appears in literature by the 1st century AD. Alchemists also create polishes, precious gems and pigments. House of Wisdom: Medieval Scholarship in Baghdad Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade As a practice alchemy comes into blossom in ancient Alexandria, also a center of glass-making, which facilitates experiments. Alchemy gains an esoteric reputation, a trait with fluctuating effects. Overall alchemists are seen natural philosophers. Alchemy isn't considered an occult practice, as is the widely accepted astrology, and requires no clandestine rituals. However many alchemists believe the purity of body, mind and soul is essential, if not to alchemy then to one of the many religious beliefs which become linked to it. These include Hermeticism , Gnosticism and Christianity. Alchemy & New Thought in Ancient Alexandria Gnosticism: Five Essential Gnostic Principles Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria The Hebrew community is also part of the spiritual cultural milieu and pagan Neo-Platonism arises later. Thus a Gnostic philosopher like Zosimos (c. 300 AD) bases his alchemical work on his beliefs, as does Mary the Jewess in c. 100 AD. She apparently says to the gentiles: "Do not touch the stone ... you are not of our race." It's taken to mean only the Jews can use the properties of the mystic stone . However in another text she says: "Do not touch the stone, for it is igneous." Overall, she teaches everyone. Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic She first associates metals and metallurgy with the human body: "Just as human is composed of four elements, likewise is copper; and just as human results [from the association of] liquids, of solids, and of the spirit, so does copper." Mary, also called Maria the Prophetess after the 16th century, gives the metals genders and characteristics. This leads to one of the commonly quoted sayings of Maria: "Join the male and the female, and you will find what is sought." She refers to metal alloys and combinations. One enduring example in alchemy is HgS (mercury sulfide or cinnabar ), a natural compound of quicksilver female and sulfur male. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Vermilion - Scarlet Pigment of Death Another is copper female 88% and tin male 12%. Together they produce bronze. Copper and zinc, in varying proportions, create brass. Copper is female, Venus, and zinc is male. It's later found zinc has a beneficial effect on male fertility. The male/female metals concept continues into the hieros gamos or divine marriage medieval alchemy. The hieros gamos based on ancient traditions going back to Mesopotamia and portrayed in countless alchemical drawings. Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy In the Renaissance the male may be represented as a solar symbol, a circle with a dot ☉ ; the female principle is the crescent moon ☽ . In Alexandrian alchemy the Sun is also defined with a symbol like a cone on its side. The crescent moon is a symbol of silver and fertility. During the Renaissance the idea takes on grandiose proportions as it goes on to represent the Red King (sulfur) and the White Queen (mercury). When the King and Queen copulate, the Divine Hermaphrodite, a unity of opposites, is born. This is a great example of Renaissance imagination but also puts alchemy further into the realm of symbols and hidden meanings. The Rosicrucian movement of the 17th century adds to the mystique. Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Alchemy: Red King & White Queen The King and Queen, and the Divine Rebis, appear specifically in Renaissance alchemy, showing the transition from a simple male/female metaphor to depictions rife with symbolism and hidden meaning. Here the esoteric aspects of alchemy prevail. Alchemists also appear on a specific scale of philosophical and practical alchemy. Some have never seen a test tube and others can't get up in the morning without a list. The practical alchemists tend to keep written records on processes, updated regularly in the margins. Status & Rights of Women in Imperial Rome Theriac: Miracle Snake Venom Potion Active Imagination: Creative Therapy They believe in being able to replicate their experiments, which leads to a large range of patent medicines. In the 18th century alchemist James Price claims to have produced gold. When told to reproduce the experiment in front of witnesses, he drinks cyanide and dies. Another source of esotericism comes from the fraudsters. Good stories sell elixir, or get the favor of a wealthy patron on the promise of gold-making. The cheat pretends to hold wisdom soon to be revealed, and tells elaborate tales to rival those of merchants . How to Extract Red from Hematite: A Step-by-Step Guide Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Women Scientists of the Ancient World Alchemical alloys are also made to imitate or multiply gold or silver. The process of making alloys is intricate and follows time-honored step-by-step instructions as well as an understanding of the properties of the metal. Not all gold is made the same, and recipes vary. This one comes from c. 250 AD: For Giving to Objects of Copper the Appearance of Gold "And neither touch nor rubbing against the touchstone will detect them, but they can serve especially for (the manufacturing of) a ring of fine appearance. Here is the preparation for this. Gold and lead are ground to a fine powder like flour, 2 parts of lead for 1 of gold, then having mixed, they are incorporated with gum, and one coats the ring with this mixture; then it is heated ... Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? " ... One repeats this several times until the object has taken the color. It is difficult to detect the difference, because rubbing gives the mark of a gold object, and the heat consumes the lead but not the gold." Recipes such as this feed the association of lead with gold, establishing a system of widespread beliefs and imaginative interpretations. Eventually turning lead to gold becomes an overused cliché. Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Sulfur-Mercury Theory: Alchemical Philosophy Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth In the Hunchback of Notre Dame, Victor Hugo writes, " Lead  is the ancestor of all metals. For gold  is not a metal, gold is light. Lead requires only four periods of two hundred years each, to pass in succession from the state of lead, to the state of red arsenic, from red arsenic to tin, from tin to silver. Are not these facts?" This concept taps into the erstwhile belief metal is created base, and matures in the ground. Here Hugo illustrates a popular theme in the many chapters of alchemy. The belief in this behavior of metals plays into the hands of those who use the simple alchemical trick of coating a lead base with a layer of gold. If the trick is discovered, the fraudster claims the metal hasn't fully matured yet. Magic Metals, Gold, Smiths & Alchemists Unus Mundus One World: Psychology Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Many other recipes abound: The invention of sulfur water "A handful of lime and another of sulfur in fine powder; place them in a vessel containing strong vinegar or the urine of a small child. Heat it from below, until the supernatant liquid appears like blood. Decant this latter properly in order to separate it from the deposit, and use." Urine of a small child is especially important because it contains more phosphorus than urine of an adult. The discovery of phosphorus itself doesn't happen until Hennig Brand boils his pee in 17th century Germany. Nāgārjuna: Buddhist Mystic & Alchemist Aisha bint Abi Bakr: Medieval Islamic Scholar Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur He records the steps taken to produce phosphorus from urine: Let urine stand for days until it gives off a pungent smell. (This step is not necessary as fresh urine produces the same amount of phosphorus). Boil urine to reduce it to a thick syrup. Heat until a red oil distills up from it, and draw that off. Allow the remainder to cool, where it consists of a black spongy upper part and a salty lower part. Discard the salt, mix the red oil back into the black material. Heat that mixture strongly for 16 hours. First white fumes come off, then an oil, then phosphorus. The phosphorus may be passed into cold water to solidify. Smelting Metals: Metalwork & Alchemy Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Remarkable Islamic Women in History The Science: The chemical reaction Brand discovers involves phosphates (PO43−) found in urine, specifically sodium phosphate (Na+), in the form of microcosmic salt, and with various carbon-based organics. When exposed to intense heat, oxygen atoms in the phosphate react with carbon to produce carbon monoxide (CO), releasing elemental phosphorus (P) as a gas. The phosphorus liquefies below approximately 280°C. It then solidifies into white phosphorus allotrope below around 44°C, depending on its purity. This fundamental reaction is still used today, with mined phosphate ores, coke as the carbon source, and electric furnaces. Hennig's approach is one of conscientious attention to detail and knowledge of materials. He goes through the wealth of two wives before finally achieving his Opus Magnus. Alchemists are not known for prosperity unless they're independently wealthy. Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Bernard Trevisan: Legends of Alchemy Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification The Experimental Process Alchemists have various approaches to their experiments, from the purely intuitive on one side, adding elements or processes as desired, to the purely analytic on the other. However, intuition guides the work of many a scientist, and most alchemists fall somewhere in between. Alchemical recipes are full of information for coloring metals, ideally to look like gold or silver, or multiplying an amount of gold or silver by use of asem . Asem is the sourdough of the alchemical world, a type of starter metal mix usually made by the alchemist. 3 Islamic Alchemists & the House of Wisdom Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone These secrets or experiments are guarded for good reason. As philosophers, alchemists are protected in liberal Alexandra, the center of ancient alchemy. Freedom of speech is a right. Many alchemists are orators and teachers. This collapses with the horrifying murder of Hypatia in the 5th century by a Christian mob, and a sense of fear pervades society. Hypatia is derisively called an alchemist, which is telling about the status of alchemy at that time. Metal Smelting & Metallurgy in the Ancient World Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Alchemists study existing works or under a teacher to gain a full understanding of the materials and the processes, the hows and whys and the necessity of replication after replication. The esoteric language of alchemy evolves as a form of protection from idea thievery. It's a time of invention and discovery. It also gives alchemy more credence in the intellectual world. Without the philosophical approach alchemists are mere craftspeople and held in low esteem. Early practitioners set educational standards. Mary the Jewess is a Hebrew scholar who speaks and writes several languages. Alexandria is known as an intellectual center for hundreds of years. Thus the image of alchemists as craftspeople undergoes a metamorphosis. Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Alchemists of yore meticulously document their observations and experiments. Chemical processes and apparatus used in alchemy are still used today. Distillation, sublimation, and crystallization are a few examples of techniques perfected by alchemists. Alchemy transcends traditional disciplinary boundaries, intersecting with fields as diverse as philosophy, art, and metallurgy. Its interdisciplinary nature fosters a holistic approach to problem-solving and creativity, making it a science difficult to fit in little boxes. Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Alchemy is pursued for its medicinal benefits by many, including Roger Bacon , Paracelsus and Isabella Cortese . In the Italian Renaissance Lady Isabella is known not just for creating her own experiments and products according to her proven recipes, but marketing them as well. After the 7th century AD and the Islamic conquest of Egypt, lines blur as Arabs take alchemy and Greek thought back to Islamic lands to be translated and studied at the House of Wisdom. Arabic al-kīmiyā and kīmiyā both mean chemistry. "Al" correlates to "the" in English. 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Mary the Jewess, Maria the Jewess or Maria Prophetissa is considered the world's first alchemist. Working in Alexandria, Egypt, she's acclaimed by later writers. She is credited with several inventions highly respected in the field of alchemy . Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Egyptian Alchemy - Power of Eternity Ancient Greek Alchemy: ios and iosis Mary is best known through works of Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300 AD) and other alchemists and writers over the years. She has numerous inventions to her credit. Zosimos considers her the first true alchemist of the Western World. Her exact time frame is obscure. She works and teaches in Alexandria between c. 100 - 200 AD but it's not known if she's born there. She is Jewish, has an excellent education and speaks and writes several languages. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Maria speaks of a mystic stone, a white herb and the color of metals. Alexandria is a major glass making center and she's overjoyed to see her experiments in action through glass vessels. Alchemy is based on the older science of metallurgy , among others. For a metal to be born, Mary says, another must die. She often describes the union of opposites: "Join the male and the female, and you will find what is sought." Maria incorporates animistic qualities, such as bodies, souls and spirits into her descriptions of metal. She explains metals have different genders. By joining genders a new element is created. Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment Zosimos calls Mary 'one of the sages'. He writes of Mary living in the past or having past lives. Mary's listed by the 10th century Arabian directory Kitāb al-Fihrist as one of the 52 most famous alchemists. Arabs know her as the Daughter of Plato. In Western alchemical texts, the term Daughter of Plato is used for white sulfur. Zosimos of Panopolis: Father of Alchemy Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity In a Hebrew text she's called daughter of Pluto (Gr. Hades), perhaps a linguistic mixup, or due to her association with metals and metal smithing. The metals, born deep in the earth, relate to the chthonic domain in Greco-Roman lore. It's said she knows how to prepare caput mortuum (lit. dead head) , a dusky purple pigment. The pigment comes from a type of hematite , an iron ore. Preparing it is not so easy. Hematite yields earthy red when ground, but purple is the trick. Dead head refers to the slag or leftover material of a product or process. Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth The  Axiom of Maria  is a precept in alchemy "One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes the one as the fourth." Author of Atalanta Fugiens (1618) Michael Maier names Mary the Jewess as one of four women who knows how to make the Philosophers' Stone . By the time the Renaissance rolls around, the fabled Philosophers' Stone is all about making gold, and real gold, not the colored metal which is the art of the alchemists . Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals White Herb of Maria: Ancient Alchemy Secrets Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Her inventions include the tribikos, the kerotakis and the bain-Marie, which bears her name. The tribikos is a vessel with three arms to separate distillation products. The kerotakis is used to heat substances and collect vapors. The bain-Marie limits the maximum temperature of a container and contents to the boiling point of a separate liquid. It functions as a double boiler. Mary's inventions are still in use today. Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Alchemy & the Magnum Opus - Black White Yellow Red Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Chrysopoeia is Greek for "goldsmithing." It's the alchemical process or action of turning a base metal such as lead into the noble metal gold , especially through various means of alloys, colorings and dyes. Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy At some point, someone decided the main goals of alchemy are: Discover a potion of immortality or Elixir of Life Find a panacea to cure all disease Turn base metals into gold or silver (noble metals) ... and there's a stone or substance, made of prima materia , which can do all three. The earliest reference known to the goals of alchemy comes from a Middle English 14th century poem depicting a search for a "philosopher's stoon" and/or elixir. The lapis philosophorum (stone of the philosophers) first appears in the 13th century. When the goals of alchemy become specifically codified is hard to say. Natural Magic of the Renaissance Women Scientists of the Ancient World Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning The term chrysopoeia  equates with Ancient Greek khrusopoiía . Both terms mean the same, goldsmithing. However in alchemy it's often used to reference artificial production of gold, and the coloring and manipulation of other metals to resemble gold. A brief alchemical work, the Chrysopoeia of Cleopatra  (c. 300 AD) is attributed to  Cleopatra the Alchemist . It's believed to be a later copy. The document depicts an ouroboros  encircling the Greek words "all is one" or "one is all", a concept related to Hermetic  philosophy. Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Stephanus of Alexandria   (c. 580 - 640), Neoplatonist philosopher and teacher, is considered the last Alexandrian intellectual before the Islamic conquest. His move to Constantinople bridges the gap between east and western thought. His poem De Chrysopoeia refers to gold making / goldsmithing. Stephanus is also the author of the work On the Great and Sacred Art of Making Gold . He says, “Put away the material theory, so you may be deemed worthy to see the hidden mystery with your intellectual eyes.” Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy The term argyropoeia  derives from the Ancient Greek arguropoiía   or silversmithing. In alchemy it has come to mean artificial creation of silver, possibly through copper alloys, mercury and zinc. As ancient metallurgy develops, the process of gold-plating or silver-plating applies a coating of the noble metal to a base metal  such as copper , lead , nickel and zinc. The ancient Romans have a system in place for gold plating. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Gold pieces are melted with mercury  and brushed onto the substrate. Upon completion, the object undergoes controlled heating, causing the mercury to evaporate, releasing toxic fumes. This leaves a stunning and intricate layer of gold plating. Mercury and sulfur are defined by medieval Arabic alchemists as the elements making up all matter. Their work is based on philosophies of Mary the Jewess (1st century AD), who applies gender and characteristics to metals. The Islamic alchemists hold her in high esteem. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Above: Engraving depicting Maria Prophetissima from Michael Maier 's book Symbola Aurea Mensae Duodecim Nationum. This is a 1617 work with Renaissance symbolism, but the concept illustrates the words of Maria in ancient texts from Alexandria . One of Mary's chemical themes is joining the male and female. Sulfur is the male principle for female quicksilver. In Renaissance alchemy sulfur and mercury come to represent the Red King and White Queen respectively. The use of "mercury" for the metal is first noted c. 500 AD. Their unity is crucial to the enigma of creation. Altering mercury and sulfur in the right proportions, according to the Islamic schema, can turn one metal into another and ideally produce gold. Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld What is the Philosopher's Stone? Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text In 1317 AD, the Pope outlaws falsification of precious metals in the West. He's in Avignon at the time, and France is the capital of coin counterfeiting. Alchemists must either work in secret, get an influential patron, or stop manipulating metals and get a real job. The terms noble and base metals first appear in the late 14th century AD. Noble metals are defined by resistance to corrosion or oxidation . Gold, platinum, and other platinum group metals (ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium) are most often classed as noble. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Aesculapian Snakes: Nature & Lore Copper forms a greenish blue patina from which comes the pigment verdigris . As silver is more resistant to oxidation than copper, it's often considered a noble metal and copper is base. In modern chemistry copper is noble. On January 13, 1404, King Henry IV of England signs a law making it a felony to create gold and silver out of lead or anything else including thin air. Called the  Act Against Multiplication , it also outlaws the act of taking a material, like gold, and creating more of it. Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail While the concept of making gold titillates the human imagination, that's really all it is. Alchemy comes from metallurgy, gemology and ancient medicine. It's developed as the art of coloring and dyeing metals to look like more precious metals. Early alchemical recipes include methods to make quartz look like ruby and other precious stones. They teach gold multiplication by adding other metals. The reason are typically to create cheap ornaments and jewelry rather than deception, until the art of gold-faking becomes a deadly game . Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Papyrus (C. papyrus): Sacred Reeds of Aaru Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels From the Leyden papyrus c. 250 AD come gold-making recipes: Falsification of Gold (Doubling Gold) "Misy and Sinopian red, equal parts to one part of gold. After the gold has been thrown in the furnace and it has become of good color, throw upon it these two ingredients, and removing (the gold) let it cool and the gold is doubled." Misy in chemistry is an impure yellow sulphate of iron; yellow copperas (ferrus sulfate) or copiapite, a secondary mineral forming from the weathering or oxidation of iron sulfide minerals or sulfide-rich coal. Sinopian red may refer to red lead, created by roasting lead white; or an iron oxide. It can also refer to red earth (iron oxide) clay sold / traded from Sinope on the Black Sea. This clay actually comes from central Turkey; using Sinope is a way for traders to disguise the location. Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Golden Ages of Alchemy: Renaissance Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For For Giving to Objects of Copper the Appearance of Gold "And neither touch nor rubbing against the touchstone will detect them, but they can serve especially for (the manufacturing of) a ring of fine appearance. Here is the preparation for this. Gold and lead are ground to a fine powder like flour, 2 parts of lead for 1 of gold, then having mixed, they are incorporated with gum, and one coats the ring with this mixture; then it is heated. Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists "One repeats this several times until the object has taken the color. It is difficult to detect (the difference), because rubbing gives the mark of a gold object, and the heat consumes the lead but not the gold." Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Egg tempera painting is beloved for its luminous quality and durability. This method uses egg yolk as a binding agent for pigments, and glazing techniques for distinctive and striking artworks. Here are some tips, techniques, history and notable artists who favor this medium. Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Chemistry of Rust: Minerals & Pigment Colors Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Widely used by artists for centuries, egg tempera falls out of fashion c. 1500 as oil paints dominate the scene. However it never disappears, as shown with the painting above by Southall. Today the classic beauty of egg tempera experiences a revival among painters. What is Egg Tempera? Egg tempera is a fast-drying paint made from pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder, egg yolk. The result is a medium capable of fine detail and vibrant color. Known to produce luminous, translucent layers, it's characterized by its subtle sheen and ease of layering. One layer dries in about a minute. The painting must be cured (dried) for 3 to 6 months after finish because the eggs need to reach a state of permanence. Vinegar or wine can be added to the medium beforehand, to help this process. White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Alchemy & the Magnum Opus - Black White Yellow Red Prepared poster paints and finger paints are often sold as tempera. This have a different composition than the true egg tempera specifically as they use water instead of egg as a medium, making them basically watercolors. They're non-toxic and fun for kids. Preparation The first step involves mixing the egg yolk with water, typically in a 1:1 ratio, to create a binder for the pigment. When mixing, add dry pigment gradually for smooth, homogeneous consistency. Some people add a few drops of vinegar or honey to stabilize the paint. Pigments Egg tempera can use a variety of pigments, derived from either natural sources, such as minerals and earths, or synthetic ones. The type of pigment can affect the transparency and opacity of the final artwork. Pigments should be ground to a fine powder. Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Prussian Blue - Delight of Artists & Poisoners When making or procuring pigments, choose high-quality, lightfast materials to ensure the longevity of the piece. Earth tones like the ochers can create a vast range of warm colors. Because iron oxides are not soluble the pigment particles are actually suspended in the medium, giving a translucent glow due to light catching the minute grains. In the past many painters use toxic pigments such as orpiment (arsenic) or red lead for their vibrant hues. Besides the toxins many of these colors darken or change over time. Orpiment for instance is brilliant yellow but eventually phases into a murky looking green. How to Make Copperas Ferrous Sulfate: Process Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Creating Egg Tempera Paint To create egg tempera paint, powdered pigment or pigment ground in distilled water is mixed with a binder in roughly equal volumes. Some pigments need more binder than others. Liquid myrrh is sometimes added to the mixture when painting icons on church walls. Myrrh also provides a pleasant scent, as the egg tempera paint can have a strong lingering odor. Consistency of the paint mixture is continuously adjusted by balancing the "grease" and "water" aspects through controlling water and yolk content. 3 Great German Artists for Art Lovers Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Finding the Philosophers' Egg As the tempera dries, water is added to maintain consistency and counteract the yolk's thickening on exposure to air. When dry, the paint is water resistant but not waterproof. Once prepared, egg tempera paint cannot be stored. It can stay in the refrigerator for up to 3 days. One egg yolk is typically good for up to three days of painting. Variation in effects is achieved by using egg white or the whole egg. Egg white is also a historical finishing glaze. Today crystal clear finishing glazes can be found at any art store. Rasayana: Alchemy & Health of India Nāgārjuna: Buddhist Mystic & Alchemist Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Substances like oil and wax emulsions can be incorporated to alter the medium. In ancient Greece artists use wax ( keros ), and put their palettes atop small braziers to keep it soft. Egg tempera prefers rigid painting surfaces as it's susceptible to cracks and paint chipping. Egg tempera paintings should be allowed to cure for a minimum of 3 months, up to 6 months, during which the surface is vulnerable to scratches but gains durability over time. These paintings are not framed behind glass, to prevent moisture accumulation and mold growth. Brushes When it comes to artist brushes, fine, stiff-haired brushes give precision and control. The most effective brush types include synthetic brushes, which create sharp lines and can hold a fine point. Egg tempera artists of the past often use small round brushes of animal tails. Cleopatra the Divine & the Book of Comarius Women Scientists of the Ancient World Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Unless one is truly immersed in period painting, synthetic brushes are a good investment as they're versatile and hold their shape much better than animal hair. Typically these are softer brushes. They're also used in watercolor and ink. Flat horsehair brushes with firm bristles can be useful for broader strokes and backgrounds, and for painting on grainy surfaces. Fan brushes are used in some paintings to dab foliage on trees. This technique is recognizable and generally associated with mass-manufactured or speedy artworks. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy It's a good idea to experiment with different brush styles. The cheaper ones lose hairs, splay out and don't last long. Expensive sables look nice in a box but strike fear into an artist's heart due to cost and pristine condition. Artists tend to have many brushes with a few favorites. Besides brushes, some artists use sponges, moss, feathers, leaves or other painting utensils. Scribes of ancient Egypt use reeds, and chew the ends into filaments to create brushes. Painting Surface Surfaces for egg tempera include wood panels, which must be well-prepared to avoid warping or deterioration. The traditional preparation involves creating a smooth primed surface. Historically rabbit skin glue is used as a primer. Today gesso is the usual choice. Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Tannenbaum - About the Yule Fir Tree Speaking from experience, unless there's a specific effect desired, do not paint on unprimed wood. It sucks up paint and parts of the painting can actually disappear. Surfaces such as stiff watercolor paper can also be used. If using primed cotton canvas or linen canvas the material is best adhered to wood. Acrylic primer helps condition the surface. Do not use anything with an oil base as primer. Paint will flake off. Effects on "raw" unprimed canvas can be tested for fun. History of Egg Tempera Painting Egg tempera painting evidence appears in Egypt c. 2500 BCE. The technique gains prominence in the Byzantine period and is prevalent in early Renaissance art, particularly in Italy. Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Titans of the Renaissance: Powerful Italian Families Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Artists such as Masaccio, Botticelli, and Duccio use egg tempera for stunning results on altarpieces and panel paintings. With the advent of oil painting in the 15th century, egg tempera wanes in popularity, replaced by oil painting. Although oil painting is promoted by the Renaissance painters it's much older, dating to Buddhist murals of c. 650 AD. Poppy or walnut oils are initially used as the binder. Linseed comes later; some works of Raphael (1483 - 1520) contain both walnut and linseed. Steam Distilling Floral, Resin & Citrus Essential Oils Tartrate Crystals: Secrets of Tartaric Acid Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Famous Artists Who Use Egg Tempera Across history, many artists use egg tempera for its distinctive characteristics. People like William Blake, the Nazarenes, the Pre-Raphaelites, and Joseph Southall keep the tradition alive. In the 20th century comes a resurgence of egg tempera. Among painters who use egg tempera are Giorgio de Chirico, Otto Dix, Eliot Hodgkin, Pyke Koch. Pietro Annigoni, who paints with a mixture of egg yolks, stand oil, and varnish. Spanish surrealist painter Remedios Varo extensively works with egg tempera. Edvard Munch's famous 1893 painting, popularly known as The Scream , uses egg tempera, oil and pastel on cardboard. Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Great Women Artists - Käthe Kollwitz Sandro Botticelli is best known for works like "Birth of Venus." Botticelli’s use of egg tempera is instrumental in defining the aesthetic of Early Renaissance. The iconic Florentine artist uses this medium to capture ethereal beauty and delicate nuances. Fra Angelico : An important figure in early Renaissance art, Fra Angelico used egg tempera to create luminous altarpieces that are still celebrated for their spiritual intensity. Andrew Wyeth : A modern master known for his detailed landscapes and portraits, Wyeth often used egg tempera to achieve a striking realism. Giotto di Bondone:  The Italian painter and architect, known for his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel, demonstrates exceptional skill with Egg Tempera, creating intimate details and vibrant colors. Domenico Ghirlandaio:  Another Italian master of the Renaissance period, Ghirlandaio, uses egg tempera in his frescoes and panel paintings. The medium's enduring appeal and luminous finish is highly praised. Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine above : part of Frescos of the life of Saint Francis in the Cappella Sassetti 1483-85, Domenico Ghirlandaio. Pope Leo X in background is a Medici Pope, and Duke Cosimo de' Medici is pictured in the group at bottom right between the two older men. Among other things, the Medici patronize the arts, literature and alchemy . Tips and Pointers For those wanting to work with egg tempera painting, here are some tips to keep in mind: Start Small : Begin with smaller panels or surfaces. Thin Layers : Apply multiple thin layers rather than trying to achieve full opacity in one go. This transparency can create depth and richness. Experiment : Egg tempera can be mixed with other media or used with different brushes or wood surfaces. Experimentation is important to finding the best techniques and materials for the artist. Drying Time : Be mindful of the drying time between layers. Egg tempera dries quickly, making it a good medium for layering. However it needs to cure for several months after. Practice : Like any artistic endeavor, mastering egg tempera requires practice. It's a skill to learn and can be a rewarding process. Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools House of Wisdom: Medieval Scholarship in Baghdad Egg tempera continues to inspire artists today. With its translucent quality and versatility, it's a strong medium for creative expression. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Barbara von Zweibrücken-Neuburg (1559 - 1618) is described as a striking personality. Intelligent, charismatic and formidable of will, she is an influential alchemist and astute political figure when she joins the court of volatile Emperor Rudolf II in Prague. Rudolf II Renaissance Prague: Alchemy, Eros & Occult Women Scientists of the Ancient World Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Though known as an alchemist her courtly role extends beyond alchemy into the political sphere as she maintains her family ties, leveraging her position for influence but always with tact and discretion. Her marriage negotiations and political alliances reflect the canny maneuvers characteristic of her family. Though she's often confined to a traditional role of women in the aristocracy, she transcends limitations through keen intellect and powerful relationships at court. Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Catherine de' Medici & the Occult   Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Early Life Barbara is born into a family connected with both the Palatinates and the Dukes of Bavaria. Her upbringing is one of privilege, yet carries hefty expectations and responsibilities. She's well-educated, with skills in languages, philosophy and the arts. Her varied and strong education sets the stage for her later intellectual pursuits, particularly her passion for alchemy. This field is gaining great admiration, and she may be inspired by timeless women like Caterina Sforza (1462 - 1509) and Isabella Cortese (d. 1561). 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Alchemy Processes & Related Astrology Signs Indigo: Extract Dye from Indigofera Tinctoria The Alchemical Pursuits of Countess Palatine Barbara When she discovers alchemy, a common pursuit at German and other courts, it becomes a fervent passion consuming much of her time. European courts in the 16th century supporting alchemy include those of monarchs, nobles, Italians, Germans and Bohemians. As pursuit of alchemical "secrets" and the quest for riches disrupts rational thought throughout Europe, Barbara emerges as a standard for alchemical wisdom. Her experiments and studies in the mystical art of alchemy gain admiration and intrigue. Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Alchemy in the late Renaissance is considered nature philosophy, and its practitioners natural philosophers. The mysticism they convey is natural magic. The distinction is made due to threats like the Inquisition, the comparison of witchcraft and allusions to sorcery. The mystique of alchemy arises from the laws of nature. Alchemy processes are natural processes, such as condensation, fermentation, heat decomposition and precipitation. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Lunar Caustic AgNO3: Lapis Infernalis of Alchemy For many aristocrats, alchemy represents a path toward personal empowerment and enlightenment. Barbara was no exception. Her fascination with alchemical arts is a mark of her intellectual curiosity. The practice of alchemy arises most often in rich intellectual, academic and philosophical environments. The Countess also sees alchemy as a potential avenue for personal and political influence. Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Science of Alchemy: Simple Distillation Process Her interest aligns well with the Prague court of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor and an esteemed patron of literature, arts and sciences. Enamored with alchemy himself, Rudolf cultivated an environment to encourage experimentation. Rudolf's policies includes a strong tolerance toward Jews and Protestants. Despite various oddities his (usually) effusive generous nature attracts notable figures like Tycho Brahe (1599), Johannes Kepler (1600), Michael Maier (1608) and the notorious Edward Kelley . Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Alchemy: Ancient Mordant Recipes for Fabric & Stones In 1596, Barbara becomes one of the most prominent ladies at Rudolf II's court in Prague. Her intellect finds fertile ground. Surrounded by scholars, artists, literati and alchemists, she immerses herself in intellectual stimulation and creative energy. The next year, Edward Kelley dies of wounds incurred when attempting to escape from his second arrest for failing to create gold as promised. Yet, such is his reputation that even Elizabeth I had hoped to invite him to her court. Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science Alchemy: Ancient Mordant Recipes for Fabric & Stones Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine In Prague, Barbara cultivates not only her interest in alchemy but also her connections with some of Europe’s most brilliant minds. Her presence became a focal point for intellectual gatherings, drawing scholars and alchemists eager to share their ideas and experiments. Barbara’s influence can be seen in the works created in Prague during this period, as she is a willing conduit for the exchange of ideas between intellectual traditions. She engages actively in discussions of process, transmutation, elixirs of life and philosophy of alchemical practices. 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Rudolf's power begins to slip in 1604-5, when he gives free reign to his brother Matthias to quell an uprising. Using this advantage, Matthias stirs up family animosity against Rudolf. He becomes King of Hungary and Croatia, taking the titles from Rudolf. Although he gives Protestants further freedoms, they rebel and Rudolf uses military force to thwart them. They complain to Matthias. Backed by the Protestant Bohemians Matthias reaches for the grand prize, the crown of Holy Roman Emperor. Finding the Philosophers' Egg Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings They hold Rudolf prisoner in his castle until he's forced to cede the crown of the Holy Roman Empire to weaselly brother Matthias in 1611. Stripped of all his power and deep in depression, Rudolf dies nine months later in January, 1612. Many philosophers, artists, alchemists and astrologers are expelled from the court. Barbara's time in Prague comes to an end. She continues her alchemical pursuits until her death in 1618. Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy It's said this German noblewoman corresponds regularly with her nephew, Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach (1582 - 1632), on the subject of alchemy and its works. These letters have not been found. Some believe she reveals illuminating secrets within their pages. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top