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Rust, the reddish-brown coating on metals, is formed by exposure to oxygen and moisture. Responsible for this phenomenon are several types of microscopic bacteria. The bacteria induce the decay of metal into rust. Fermentation & Rot: Comparing Processes Molybdochalkos: Nigredo Black Lead of Maria Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Rust is corrosion of iron and its alloys. Understanding the microbiological aspects of rust formation and the role of bacteria in rusting gives a closer look into the invisible natural world. Many unseen factors are involved in familiar processes. How Does Rust Form? Rust primarily occurs through chemical reaction of oxidation. When iron metal is exposed to water (H₂O) and oxygen (O₂) over time, it undergoes an electrochemical process. The reaction can be summarized in two main phases: oxidation and reduction. Oxidation Phase : Iron loses electrons and is converted into iron ions (Fe²⁺). Reduction Phase : Oxygen from the surrounding environment gains electrons in the presence of moisture, forming hydroxide ions (OH⁻). When these iron ions react with hydroxide ions, they ultimately form rust, specifically hydrated iron(III) oxide. This compound gives rust its characteristic reddish-brown color. Industrious bacteria accelerate this process. Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Tartrate Crystals: Secrets of Tartaric Acid Bacteria Behind Rust Formation Several types of bacteria have been identified as crucial players in the rusting process. Here are four major types: Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria (SRB) : Examples : Desulphovibrio, Desulphotomaculum, Desulphomonas Role : SRBs thrive in anaerobic environments, where they reduce sulfate ions to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S). Production of hydrogen sulfide can react with iron, forming iron sulfide, which further accelerates corrosion. Iron(II,III) sulfide is a blue-black chemical compound of iron and sulfur. Iron-Reducing Bacteria (IRB) : Examples : Gallionella ferrugine and Ferrobacillus sp. esp. Ferrobacillus ferrooxidans Role : IRBs obtain energy by reducing ferric iron (Fe³⁺) to ferrous iron (Fe²⁺), ultimately leading to the dissolution of iron in water, promoting further rust formation. Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Acid-Producing Bacteria : Examples : Pseudomonas, Aerobacter, Bacillus Role : These bacteria produce organic acids as metabolic byproducts, lowering the pH of their environment. The acidic conditions not only accelerate the corrosion of metal but can also promote the prevalence of more corrosive species. Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria : Examples : Thiobacillus sp. Role : These bacteria oxidize sulfur compounds, leading to further acidity in their environment and creating conditions that are ripe for rusting processes. Other Microorganisms : Various other bacteria and microorganisms can contribute to rust formation, though their roles may not be fully understood. Biofilms, for instance, can harbor diverse microbial communities. These can collectively influence corrosion rates. Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans How to Make Copperas Red: Simply Science Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy The Biological Process of Rust Formation The interaction between bacteria and metal surfaces can occur in several stages, each contributing to the overall rusting process: Biofilm Formation : Bacteria attach to metal surfaces and establish biofilms. This protective layer can retain moisture and create localized microenvironments favoring corrosion. Metabolite Production : Bacterial metabolism leads to the production of various metabolites, including organic acids, hydrogen sulfide, and other corrosive compounds. Electrochemical Reactions : As bacteria metabolize and interact with the iron, they alter the local pH and redox conditions, facilitating electrochemical reactions promoting rust development. Nutrient Cycling : Bacterial processes contribute to a cycling of nutrients that may further exacerbate rusting. This includes the reduction of ferric to ferrous iron, providing a constant supply of soluble iron ions that can easily react to form rust. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Women Scientists of the Ancient World Through a combination of chemical reactions, microbial metabolism, and environmental factors, these bacteria orchestrate the transformation of pristine metal into a weathered, corroded patina of rust. The colors of iron oxides are found in pigments such as ocher. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Cinnamon ( Cinnamomum ) is the oldest known spice in the world. The fragrant bark comes into popular use by c. 2000 BCE, when Egyptians obtain cinnamon through trade. Merchants drive up the price with fantastic tales. Used as scent and flavoring, cinnamon also has ritual and spiritual qualities. Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Cleopatra the Alchemist of Greece Cinnamomum verum or C. zeylanicu (Ceylon cinnamon) from Sri Lanka is considered the true cinnamon. Most cinnamon on the market comes from four other species, called "cassia": C. burmanni (Indonesian cinnamon or Padang cassia) C. cassia (Chinese cinnamon or Chinese cassia) C. loureiroi (Saigon cinnamon or Vietnamese cassia) C. citriodorum (Malabar cinnamon) With 43% of the world market today, China is the biggest producer of cassia cinnamon. 80% of Ceylon cinnamon comes from Sri Lanka, an island off the southeast coast of India. Herbology & Lore: Caraway Bronze Age Europe - The Amber Road Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Herodotus (c. 484 - 425 BCE) asserts cinnamon and cassia both grow in Arabia, together with incense, myrrh and labdanum . The trees are guarded by monsters such as winged serpents . Aristotle describes giant cinnamon birds who collect cinnamon sticks from an unknown land where the trees grow, and use them to build their nests on cliffsides. According to Aristotle, the Arabs cut oxen into pieces and scatter the pieces on the ground. Molybdochalkos: Nigredo Black Lead of Maria Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia When the giant cinnamon birds carry the meat to their nests, the weight breaks the nests. The Arabians can then collect the fallen cinnamon sticks. In the above manuscript from from France (c. 1450 CE) the bird is shown nesting in a tree, while a person swings a sling. The rock or lead bullet is to kill the bird, knock down the nest or scare the bird from the nest. Since killing the birds negatively affects cinnamon supply, harvesters don't harvest while eggs or chicks are present, creating a "harvest season" and driving the market price up even more. Elwetritsch Bird - German Myths & Folklore Dioscorides: Natural Medicine of Ancients Herbology & Lore: Stinging Nettle The cinnamon referred to by Herodotus and Aristotle is Cassia senna, found on the Arab peninsula. The fanciful giant cinnamon birds come from tales told by traders to hide their sources and increase the price of the products. Many today credit wares with spiritual qualities to raise the value. A treasured spice in the ancient world, cinnamon is considered an appropriate gift for kings and queens. In Egypt's Ptolemaic Kingdom 305 - 30 BCE, cinnamon is one of the plants or oils used to embalm the deceased. Rosemary is also used for embalming. Rhinestones: Treasures of the Rhine   Joyful Arrival of Hapi in Egypt Flooding of the Nile - Nature & Myth Egyptian recipes for kyphi ,  an aromatic compound incense, includes cinnamon and cassia. Various recipes exist. The incense is rolled into balls and placed on a brazier or fire grill. Ingredients may include honey, wine, raisins, myrrh, juniper berries, cypress, turpentine (pine resin), aspalathus (Cape gorse), calamus (sweet flag) and rush. Calamus is thought to have psychoactive properties. Some of these elements are also used in Egyptian infused wines. Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Amazing Legacy of Alexander von Humboldt Carnelian - Gems of the Ancient World In magic and spiritualism, cinnamon has several uses . It blocks negative energy and enhances the senses. It cleanses the divination space and objects and allows intuitive and psychic energies to flow. Cinnamon is thought to have wealth-drawing powers. Gifts of Hellenistic rulers to temples often include cassia and cinnamon. The word cassia comes from the Hebrew meaning 'to strip off bark'. Inner bark stripped from the tree dries in the familiar curled tubes of cinnamon. Herbology & Lore: Caraway Pagan Solstice Fests: Mithras & the Sun Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs The spice trade is originally a maritime connection. Routes travel from ports in China, Java, India, Persia, Arabia, northeast Africa, Egypt, the Mediterranean and finally Rome in the final centuries BCE. The famous Silk Roads originate about 130 BCE, when the Chinese Emperor agrees to trade with the west. These are incorporated with existing overland and maritime routes like the Amber Roads . 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King Pagan Solstice Fests: Mithras & the Sun Mahaleb Cherry: Spice, Nature & Myth Trade routes in place at the time include the maritime  Jade Roads , the Amber Roads , Steppe Routes  and Tin Trade Routes . Trade is the lifeline of every society from prehistory onward. The practice of trade unites clans and kingdoms, creates the first main roads and boosts technology such as metallurgy  and the creation of bronze. Trade spreads news and advances in agriculture and animal husbandry. Herbology & Lore: Plantain Plant Abu - Ancient Vegetation Snake God Shen Rings Egypt - Divine Protection Stronger strains of grain and livestock breeds increase prosperity of households and empires. Spices purveyed along the ancient spice routes include cinnamon , cassia , cardamom , ginger , pepper , nutmeg , star anise , clove and turmeric. Cinnamon grows as small trees or bushes about 10ft (3 m) high. They're first harvested in their third year and produce for 50 - 60 years. Hattusa Green Stone - Mystic Secrets Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Bashmu (Bašmu): Voracious Serpent Dragon Most have medicinal as well as flavor attributes. Spices are part of the natural healing cultures of China, India and other civilizations. According to Pliny the Elder (1st century AD) , cinnamon is brought around the Arabian peninsula on "rafts without rudders or sails or oars", taking advantage of the winter trade winds . Cyclades Islands: Paradise of Ancients Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Herbology & Lore: Poison Hemlock Flavoring and fragrance of cinnamon is well known and loved. Medicinal benefits of cinnamon include antioxidant, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory properties inherent in the bark and other tree parts, such as flowers. Cinnamon tea or cinnamon water before bed has relaxation benefits and helps promote a restful sleep. It's used in folk medicine to treat indigestion and stomach ailments. Bolus (Bole) of Mendes: Ancient Egyptian Medicine Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Carbuncle: Red Stone of Magic & Medicine In antiquity no one knows exactly where cinnamon is sourced. Like many purveyors, those with access to the aromatic bark carefully guard their secrets. In the time of Pliny the Elder, a Roman pound (327 grams or 11.5 oz) of cassia cinnamon ( serichatum ), costs up to 1,500 denarii , the wage of five to ten months' labor. Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Romanesque - Magic of Light and Stone Nefertari Queen of Peace Ancient Egypt Diocletian 's Edict on Maximum Price s from 301 AD gives a price of 125 denarii for a pound of cassia. An agricultural labourer earns 25 denarii per day. Cinnamon is too expensive to be commonly used on funeral pyres in Rome. It's said the Emperor Nero burns a year's worth of the city's supply in 65 AD, at the funeral for his wife Poppaea Sabina . 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Cinnamon birds appear in folklore of Eurasia shortly after Arab merchants begin trading with ancient lands to the north. Cinnamon enjoys widespread popularity among the wealthy. It's a spice of intrigue, exotic scents and mystic connections. Ancient Arabia - Stone Age to Bronze Cinnamon - Spice Trade of Ancients Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs The Cinnamon Trade By 2000 BCE, the Egyptians also use cinnamon in incense and as spice. It burns with a warm pleasant sharpness and spreads its aroma in baking. It's a natural preservative and bug repellent, which is why it's valued as a mummification ingredient. Cinnamon is more precious than gold - but gold isn't really precious in financial terms until 1500 BCE when Pharoah declares it legal currency. In the busy trade centers gold is exchanged by weight to value like other items such as barley, tin or oils. Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Arabian Leopard: Bronze Age Predators Theriac: Miracle Snake Venom Potion The cinnamon exported by Arabian traders is Cassia senna , native to the Arabian Peninsula. The Egyptians, meanwhile, source their cinnamon from Sri Lanka, where the true cinnamon ( Cinnamomum verum) grows. It's known as a spice of kings. Like the color purple, cinnamon is expensive and hard to get. Even in Roman times in the early centuries BCE, the spice is one of speculation and secrets. A pound of cinnamon costs ten months' wages for an average worker. Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Famous Women of Ancient Rome Amazing Legacy of Alexander von Humboldt The source of cinnamon is a mystery and the spice commands steep prices. It's because of the difficulty in obtaining the spice from the nests of giant cinnamon birds. Giant Cinnamon Birds Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484 - 425 BCE)  asserts cinnamon and cassia both grow in Arabia, together with incense, myrrh  and labdanum, a resin . Where cinnamon birds nest, they are guarded by ferocious winged serpents . Tin - Essential Metal of Antiquity Stymphalian Birds & Greek Heroics Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Aristotle describes giant cinnamon birds   who build nests from cinnamon sticks. The birds collect cinnamon sticks from a mysterious land where the cinnamon trees grow. The avians build their nests on cliffsides. He writes, "... great birds carry these dry sticks, which we have learned from the Phoenicians to call cinnamon ... the birds carry the sticks to their nests, which are plastered with mud and are placed on sheer crags where no man can climb up." ... proving Aristotle is just as gullible as the next guy, and the spread of misinformation is not limited to the modern world. The Phoenicians also have stories of dragons and giants guarding the great cedar forests of the Levant. Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Ancient Greek Cultures: People of Minos In Aristotle's version, the Arabs cut oxen into pieces and scatter the pieces. When giant cinnamon birds swoop down and carry the meat to their nests, the weight breaks the nests. The nests of the cinnamon birds shatter to pieces on the rocks below. Arabians can then collect the fallen cinnamon sticks, fending off attacks from angry birds and perhaps hostile venom-spitting dragons. It's a dangerous job. Sphinx - Mythical Monster of Ancients Bronze Age Europe - The Amber Road Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings In his Historia Animalium ( History of Animals, 4th century BCE ), Aristotle tells yet another story. The cinnamon bird brings the stalks of cinnamon from secret locations. It builds its nest on slender branches in the highest tree tops. The native people attach lead weights to arrow tips and shoot down the nests of the birds. They can then collect the cinnamon sticks. Aristotle names the bird kinnamômon orneon . Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore In the first century AD, Pliny the Elder calls the cinnamon birds a "fantastic story" told by traders to overvalue and increase demand for their merchandise. Pliny's perceptive in that way, as he calls out more than one duplicitous practice. Pliny is also the person who solves the mystery of amber . After over two thousand years of trade, mystic and fanciful origins, he finally identifies the golden gem as a resin. He recognizes it by the distinctive scent similar to those of popular resins such as myrrh and fir. Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Baltic Amber in Folklore and Myth Amber Trade - Bronze Age on the Baltic Pliny also believes clear quartz is water frozen so long it becomes stone. It's a pretty good guess, but the jury's still out on that. The true origins of cinnamon remain a mystery for centuries. Stories of the cinnamon birds survive well into folklore of the 18th century. In the Middle Ages manuscript from France (c. 1450 AD) the bird is shown nesting in a tree, while a person without pants twirls a sling. 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) Art, Food & Medicine Rhinestones: Treasures of the Rhine Renaissance bestiaries are full of fascinating and fanciful creatures and natural concepts. In the Middle Ages and long before, slings are weapons of hunting and war . A rock or lead "bullet" may be to kill the bird, knock down the nest or scare the bird from the nest. As there have been no reports of roast giant cinnamon birds or scrambled cinnamon bird eggs, we could assume the cinnamon harvesters of the Middle Ages use the nesting birds as a renewable resource. Ornithomancy - Prophecy by the Birds Nature Spirits of German Mythology Cyrene: Huntress Queen of Greek Myth Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Myrrh ( Commiphora sp) has a history older than humankind. Deeply connected to death, healing and the divine, myrrh is a smoky, strongly scented gum resin especially from Commiphora myrrha . Myrrh is used in medicine, perfumes, incense and the quest for ecstasy. Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters As a mild recreational substance in ancient times myrrh is added to wine or later, posca . Posca is a blend of vinegar, wine, and water, often called vinegar in Greek texts as the Greeks have no word for posca . It's generally a drink of commoners. Emperor Hadrian (r. 117 to 138 AD), famous for living among the soldiers, drinks posca as part of his regular fare. Egyptians embalm the dead using myrrh and natron , a type of soda ash salt, as well as a wide range of scents and preservatives such as bitumen and cinnamon . Myrrh grows naturally in today's Somalia, Oman, Yemen, Eritrea, Ethiopia and parts of Saudi Arabia. Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) Art, Food & Medicine Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action The Fifth Dynasty ruler of Egypt, King Sahure (c. 2465 - 2325 BCE), records the earliest known expedition to the land of Punt in southeast Egypt and the Horn of Africa. The land of Punt as it's called at the time is rich in natural resources. The expedition brings back some people of Punt as well as wild animals such as cheetahs, baboons, a secretary bird, and skins of giraffes. Naturally formed beads of resin are used in local jewelry. Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs Make Black Ink or Paint Pigment with Soot Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans The Egyptians also import ebony, ivory, frankincense and myrrh. In the tomb of Sahure, a depiction of this event shows the King rising up to the heavens bearing a myrrh tree. Because the myrrh tree grows naturally in the Land of Punt, myrrh resin is an important object of trade. The Egyptians also transplant myrrh trees. The gummy sap comes from wounds to the branches and trunks. Hardened, it produces a brownish gold chunky resin with a spicy to musky scent. Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Chemistry of Rust: Minerals & Pigment Colors White Pigments of Ancient Artisans The syrupy thick resin gum is translucent with emerging. It ranges in color from gold and copper to deeper red. Various Commiphora species produce myrrh. The plant is also called the dindin tree, African myrrh, herabol myrrh, Somali myrrh and common myrrh. Myrrh is used is rituals as incense. Spiritually, myrrh connects to divinity. It cleanses and purifies a space for magical or creative purposes. Myrrh is associated with death as a beginning, the earth as a place of rebirth, and the divine connection of heavens and earth. Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans Carbon Steel: Origins, Composition & Uses Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty In medieval egg tempera painting, myrrh is used in church panels and murals to impart a scent of divinity as well as cover the odor of egg curing. In natural healing, myrrh flower, gum resin, myrrh oil tea, ointments, aromatherapy and extracts of myrrh are used to treat indigestion, ulcers, colds, cough, asthma, respiratory congestion and arthritis. In liniments, myrrh has analgesic properties for muscle sprains. With natural painkilling and anti-bacterial qualities myrrh is also used to treat toothache, and as an antiseptic mouthwash. Soot & Lampblack: Beauty, Art and Medicine Hydrogen Peroxide: Chemistry, Production, Risks Flowers of Sulfur (Brimstone): Creation & Uses Myrrh is prominent in the Christmas carol "We Three Kings" written by Pennsylvanian rector John Henry Hopkins Jr in 1857 CE. Three kings or wise men of the Orient visit the stable cradle of newborn baby Jesus. They bring gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh. Myrrh inspires the darkest verse of the song: "Myrrh is mine, its bitter perfume breathes a life of gathering gloom. Sorrowing, sighing Bleeding, dying Sealed in a stone-cold tomb." Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore Tannenbaum - About the Yule Fir Tree Like Egyptians, Romans and Christians use myrrh for embalming the dead. When Jesus is buried after his crucifixion he's wrapped in myrrh and aloe. The plant is now known to help preserve the body as its active compounds destroy bacteria. Myrrh is also an ingredient of the holy anointing oil for consecrating priests, the tabernacle and kings. Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation In the Monty Python comedy Life of Brian (1979), produced by George Harrison, myrrh causes an issue in the opening scenes, when three wise men mistake baby Brian for the Messiah. It's a brilliant movie. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Xanthan Gum, a versatile ingredient with various applications, is a growing trend in multiple industries. In art and food it's valued as a binder and thickener. Discover the background, production, creation process, and diverse uses of Xanthan Gum for artists and chefs. Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists What is Xanthan Gum? Xanthan gum is a thickening agent and stabilizer derived from the fermentation of sugars by a specific bacterium known as Xanthomonas campestris . This polysaccharide is known for its unique ability to provide viscosity and stabilize emulsions, even at low concentrations. Upon mixing with water, xanthan gum forms a gel-like texture. Xanthan gum is used in the food industry to enhance texture, thickness, and longevity of products like salad dressings, soups, sauces and baked goods. It's good for people with coeliac disease or sensitivity who need a gluten-free diet. Secrets of Elemental Carbon for Truth Seekers Soot & Lampblack: Beauty, Art and Medicine Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance When is Xanthan Gum Discovered? Xanthan gum is discovered in 1963. Researchers at the USDA’s Northern Regional Research Lab, led by Dr. Allene Rosalind Jeanes, focus on isolating and studying polysaccharides produced by microorganisms. Once again bacteria are at the forefront of revelation. The scientists discover the common bacteria Xanthomonas campestris, found on vegetables like cauliflower and broccoli, produces a viscous gum when fed with sugars. This accidental discovery brings value to xanthan gum's exceptional thickening capabilities. How is Xanthan Gum Made? The creation of Xanthan Gum involves cultivating Xanthomonas campestris bacteria in a nutrient-rich medium, followed by a process of purification and drying. This process ensures the production of high-quality xanthan gum used in various disciplines. Fermentation & Rot: Comparing Processes Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Dioscorides: Natural Medicine of Ancients The production of xanthan gum goes through a series of processes: Fermentation : The process begins with the cultivation of Xanthomonas campestris in a controlled environment. A nutrient-rich medium, often containing sugars, is prepared, and the bacteria are added to feast with joyous abandon. As they metabolize the sugars, they secrete polysaccharides, producing xanthan gum. Harvesting : After fermentation, the xanthan gum is separated from the bacterial cells. This is typically done through a centrifugation process, which separates the biomass from the liquid containing the gum. Purification : The extracted xanthan gum undergoes purification. This step may involve filtration or precipitation to remove impurities and concentrate the xanthan gum solution. Drying : The purified solution is then dried, often using spray drying techniques, creating a fine powder. It reveals its thickening properties when rehydrated. Milling : Finally, the xanthan gum is milled to achieve a uniform particle size. This process ensures the final product is consistent in quality and effective in applications. Black Hellebore: Toxins, Health & Lore Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Apples: Myth, Nature & German Folklore Uses of Xanthan Gum 1. Medical In the medical field, xanthan gum is utilized for its thickening and stabilizing properties in various pharmaceutical formulations. It is used in gels, ointments, and liquid medications to enhance texture and improve delivery mechanisms. Xanthan gum is known for its ability to help people who have dietary restrictions. It can be included in oral supplements and nutritional products, as a suitable thickening agent without compromising flavor or stability. In the medical industry, xanthan gum is used to create suspensions and thickeners for various medications. Its properties enable the controlled release of drugs. Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root 2. Artistic Artists use xanthan gum as an alternative to gum arabic (acacia gum). It can create unique textures in paint and other mediums. Its ability to thicken and stabilize solutions makes it an excellent choice for producing paints that require a specific viscosity. It's used by sculptors for its adherence and painters, ink and pigment paint makers as a binding agent. Xanthan gum improves paint fluidity and adhesion. It helps control paint or coatings to maintain spreadability and prevent rampant drainage. Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy 3. Food Xanthan gum is perhaps most widely recognized gum in the culinary world. It acts as a thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier, and foaming agent, making it essential in numerous food products f rom sauces and dressings to gluten-free baking. Xanthan gum is an ingredient in dairy products like ice cream, and some beverages. Its ability to improve shelf-life and texture of many products makes it a favorite among food manufacturers. Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia 4. Other Beyond medical and culinary uses, xanthan gum is employed in various industrial applications. It’s commonly found in cosmetics, personal care products, and household items, such as lotions and shampoos, where its thickening attributes improve texture and consistency. Xanthan gum is used in the oil and gas industry as a drilling mud additive to increase viscosity and stabilize boreholes. Xanthan gum also finds a friend in pet food. Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Tartrate Crystals: Secrets of Tartaric Acid Largest Producers of Xanthan Gum Xanthan gum is produced worldwide, but the largest producers are located in the United States and China. In the U.S., companies like Cargill and Dupont are significant players in xanthan gum production. China has emerged as a major global producer, leveraging its agricultural resources and manufacturing capabilities to meet the increasing demand for this gum. Austria is also an exporter of xanthan gum. Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Steam Distilling Floral, Resin & Citrus Essential Oils Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Gum arabic, also known as acacia gum, is a natural substance derived from sap of Acacia trees, especially Acacia senegal . This sticky, edible plant product has applications from food additives to artistic mediums. Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs Myrrh - Mystique, Death & Divinity Gum arabic is a compound blend of glycoproteins and polysaccharides. These are mainly polymers of arabinose, a five-carbon sugar found widely in nature and a sole carbon source in many bacteria; and galactose, which has the same chemical composition as glucose. This gum dissolves in water and is safe to consume. It's mainly used in food and soft-drink sectors as a stabilizing agent. In art, it's a popular binder for ink and paint, a necessity for DIY pigment makers. A thickening agent, it also helps stabilize colors and lightfastness. Acacia Senegal and Acacia Seyal are predominantly found in the arid regions of the Sahel desert in Africa. There are similar trees used and the sap exported may not be from Acacia . Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Herbology & Lore: Poison Hemlock Gum Arabic Harvest & Processing Farmers make incisions in the bark of the Acacia tree, allowing the sap to flow out and harden into clumps. This harvesting often takes place during the dry months when the sap is most concentrated. Once the sap is collected, it undergoes several processing steps. First, the raw gum is cleaned to remove impurities such as sand and bark. Then, it is sun-dried to enhance its quality. After careful selection, the gum is ground into a fine powder or left in its natural form for sale. This careful extraction process ensures that gum arabic retains its unique properties, making it suitable for various applications. This labor-intensive method has been perfected over centuries by local communities. Sacred Geometry: Insight to the Mysteries Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Make Black Ink or Paint Pigment with Soot History of Gum Arabic The history of gum arabic dates back thousands of years. Ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians (who do everything), value it for its preservative qualities and use it in a variety of ways. These include in the mummification process and as a binder in papyrus. In the Roman era, gum arabic is a significant trading commodity. Its applications extend from cuisine to inks and paints. The gum is used in religious ceremonies and as a binder in art and calligraphy. Gum Arabic for Art Artisans and creators have traditionally used gum arabic for its unique properties. In the visual arts, it thickens paint and helps pigments adhere to paper, enhancing the vibrancy and transparency of colors. It's used in ceramic glazes. Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Artists throughout history have utilized gum arabic due to its ability to improve flow and texture. Gum arabic is used in printmaking and calligraphy. It works as an emulsifier and helps produce crisp lines and clear impressions. Gum Arabic for Cuisine In the culinary world, Gum Arabic is an essential ingredient . Its emulsifying and thickening properties make it a popular choice for food products like confectionery coatings, soft drinks, and salad dressings. It's a stabilizer in ice creams to enhance creaminess and prevent formation of ice crystals. Chefs value its ability to maintain texture and prevent separation, making it a staple in both commercial kitchens and home cooking. Wine makers may use gum arabic as wine refiner. Khella - Ancient Health & Herbology Prague: Bohemians of the Renaissance Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Gum Arabic for Medicine Gum arabic has also found a place in traditional and modern medicine. It's believed to have a range of health benefits, such as helping digestion and providing relief from respiratory issues. Its soluble fiber content makes it beneficial for gut health, and it has been used in herbal remedies for centuries. In addition, gum arabic is sometimes employed as a thickening agent in pharmaceutical concoctions. From soothing sore throats to promoting digestive health, gum arabic is in itself a versatile remedy with numerous health benefits. Its prebiotic properties support gut health, while its anti-inflammatory effects make it a valuable component in traditional medicine practices. Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Paracelsus: Renegade Renaissance Physician 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Other Uses of Gum Arabic Gum arablic is an emulsifier and stabilizing agent in cosmetics, helping to suspend ingredients uniformly. The gum is also an important component in the production of biodegradable films and glues. Its applications adapt well to the needs of technology. It's an ingredient in glossy shoe polish. It can be used in making homemade incense cones. It's also applied as a lickable adhesive, for example on postage stamps and envelopes. In makeup, it's found in lip glosses, skin oils or treatments, lotions and roll-on perfumes. Major Exporters of Gum Arabic The global market for Gum Arabic is dominated by African nations. Sudan remains the largest producer, responsible for over 40% of the world's supply. Other significant exporters include Chad, Senegal and Nigeria, whose rich Acacia forests contribute to the international market. 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Thickening gums such as gum arabic, guar and xanthan gums are indispensable for creation of inks and pigment by individual or industrial pigment makers. Understanding the role of gums opens up a whole new world of color and experimentation. Secrets of Elemental Carbon for Truth Seekers Sacred Geometry: Insight to the Mysteries Make Black Ink or Paint Pigment with Soot In pigment, ink and paint making the difference in binders is notable. With unique properties and versatility, gum arabic, guar gum, and xanthan gum are functional in art but also hold significant cultural and commercial importance. Is Plant Gum the Same as Resin? Though the terms "gum" and "resin" are often used interchangeably, the substances are different. Plant gums are water-soluble polysaccharides. They provide thickening, stabilizing, or binding properties, derived from the sap of various plants. Tycho Brahe: Golden Renaissance Astronomer Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Resins are typically a mix of solid or semi-solid organic substances produced by plants for protection, often set as a result of polymerization or evaporation of volatile compounds. Resins can be used in art but function poorly as binders. Other binders include egg yolk (egg tempera painting) or beeswax. The ancient Greeks use beeswax, and put the palette on a small brazier at steadily maintained heat to keep the paint liquid. Linseed oil is the preferred medium for oil painters of old, but yellows over time. Linen, Hemp & Cotton - Fabrics of Ancient Egypt Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Myrrh, both a resin and a compound of water-soluble gum, is used in medieval egg tempera murals and paintings in churches. Egg tempera has a distinctive smell when it's curing, and myrrh is added in hopes of hiding the odor. Myrrh can make a fragrant binder for some inks. Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) Origin Gum Arabic is harvested from the sap of the Acacia Senegal tree, primarily found in regions of Africa, specifically Sudan. Its use dates back to ancient civilizations, where it's valued for its adhesive and binding properties. Soot & Lampblack: Beauty, Art and Medicine Carbon Steel: Origins, Composition & Uses Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty Properties This gum is highly soluble in water and forms a viscous solution when mixed, which is perfect for use in various mediums such as watercolor, gouache and ink. It form a clear film and has superior emulsifying and adhesive properties. Gum arabic is the preferred binder by far. Historical & Modern Uses Historically, gum Arabic was used in the production of ink, watercolor paints, and as an ingredient in traditional medicine. In the modern era, it has found its way into cosmetics, food products (as a stabilizer and thickener), and even in photography. Gum Arabic holds significant economic value; it has been traded along the Nile since antiquity. Today, it continues to be a major export product for countries in Africa and is deeply embedded in global commerce, particularly in the food and beverage industry. Flowers of Sulfur (Brimstone): Creation & Uses Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Caustic Potash Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld Suitability as a Paint or Ink Binder Artists favor gum Arabic as a binder in watercolors due to its capacity to enhance color transparency and brilliance. It also aids in maintaining a smooth application and re-wettability, making it indispensable for watercolorists and calligraphers. Gum arabic's adhesive qualities make it an exceptional binder for paints and inks, ensuring longevity and vivid color retention in artworks. Guar Gum Origin Guar gum is a gel-forming fiber derived from the seeds of the guar plant ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ), primarily grown in India and Pakistan. The extraction process involves milling the seeds to obtain the gum from the endosperm. Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Properties Guar gum is renowned for thickening and gelling abilities, making it one of the most effective polysaccharide binders available. It is soluble in both hot and cold water and is less viscous than other thickeners at low concentrations. Due to its stabilizing properties, guar gum is widely used in food, textile, and cosmetic industries. Suitability as a Paint or Ink Binder While not traditionally used in art supplies, guar gum’s thickening properties can be advantageous for certain techniques, like creating textured surfaces in acrylic mediums or mixed media applications. Historical & Modern Importance Guar gum has a strong market in the food industry as a thickening agent. Increased cultivation of guar beans in the 21st century significantly benefits the economies of producing countries. Molybdochalkos: Nigredo Black Lead of Maria Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Medicinally for bowel problems, guar gum helps normalize the moisture content of the stool, absorbing excess liquid in those with diarrhea, and softening the stool in those with constipation. Historically, guar gum is a component of traditional cooking and textile industries. Today, it is widely used in food products and personal care items due to its thickening and emulsifying properties. Pods of the Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.  plant are collected annually in India during the monsoon season or kharif, from June to October. India is responsible for nearly 80% of the global Guar output. Alchemy & the Magnum Opus - Black White Yellow Red Women Scientists of the Ancient World Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Xanthan Gum Article: Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs Origin Xanthan gum is a polysaccharide produced through the fermentation of sugar with the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris. This process occurs in controlled environments, mainly in the United States and Europe. Properties Even in low concentrations it has excellent thickening abilities and forms stable emulsions, making it exceptionally versatile. Xanthan gum remains effective across a range of temperatures and pH levels. Properties : With exceptional viscosity and stabilizing properties, xanthan gum is widely used as a thickening agent in various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, and personal care. Prague: Bohemians of the Renaissance Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Historical & Modern Uses Originally developed as a food additive in the 1960s, xanthan gum is a common ingredient in the food industry, particularly in gluten-free products and sauces. Beyond the kitchen, it's used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. Suitability as a Paint or Ink Binder Xanthan gum is an emerging choice among artists, particularly in acrylic and mixed media applications. Its ability to create unique textures and stabilize mixtures allows for innovative approaches in painting and printmaking. With industrial grade thickening abilities, xanthan gum can be used as a binder in paints and inks, providing enhanced texture. With the qualities of a glue it also provides good adherence. Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer 3 Great German Artists for Art Lovers Moonwort (Botrychium Lunaria): Folklore, Magic and Medicine Historical & Modern Importance to Trade & Commerce As a pivotal ingredient in many consumer products, xanthan gum holds substantial economic importance. It plays a critical role in the food and cosmetic industries, allowing for stable formulations and meeting consumer demands for quality. Xanthan gum's applications in multiple industries have secured its place as a valuable commodity in global trade. Its increasing demand and commercial importance make it a good investment. 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Silicon dioxide (SiO₂), or silica, holds fascinating secrets within its molecular structure. It's one of the most abundant minerals found on Earth, a crucial part of geological formations and the origin of chalcedony stones from crystal quartz to sunny carnelian, onyx and fire agate. Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Formation of Silicon Dioxide Chalcedony, a microcrystalline type of quartz, owes its unique colors and patterns to silicon dioxide. Silicon dioxide molecules create the varied and distinct beauty of chalcedony stones, making them prized among gemstones. Silicon dioxide is formed primarily through geological processes such as volcanic activity, sedimentation, and metamorphism. Its formation can be traced back to that of the Earth's crust, where silicon and oxygen are two of the most plentiful elements. Carbuncle: Red Stone of Magic & Medicine Steam Distilling Floral, Resin & Citrus Essential Oils Obsidian: Ancient Volcanic Black Glass Silica forms through bonding of silicon and oxygen atoms. When these atoms combine under specific conditions, they create intricate lattice structures both strong and flexible. Igneous Processes : In volcanic rocks, silicon dioxide crystallizes from molten lava as it cools. The presence of temperature and pressure in magmatic environments allows SiO₂ to form obsidian, pumice, and granite—all of which contain varying amounts of silica. Sedimentary Processes : Over time, silicate minerals weather and erode, contributing silica to sedimentary environments. In marine and desert settings, silica is compacted and cemented, forming rocks such as sandstone followed by quartzite, a metamorphic form of sandstone. Metamorphic Processes : In high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, pre-existing rocks transform into metamorphic rocks. In these environments, silica can be released from minerals like feldspar and participates in forming new silica-rich minerals. Carnelian - Sunny Gems of the Ancient World Hydrogen Peroxide: Chemistry, Production, Risks Seven Precious Stones of the Ancient World These processes show the dynamic ability of this compound to transition from one form to another, adapting to Earth’s changing nature. In chemical formation silica is near diamond. It's hard with high melt point, but has silicon and oxygen atoms instead of carbon. The covalent bonds in silica are mighty. A large amount of energy, such as very high temperature, is needed to break them. Silica is naturally found as sand. Most sand on beaches is made of silicon dioxide. Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Litharge: Toxic Lead Mineral of Science & Art Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Properties of Silicon Dioxide Chemical Stability : SiO₂ is highly resistant to chemical weathering, making it durable and long-lasting. High Melting Point : With a melting point of about 1,600 °C (2,912 °F), silicon dioxide can withstand high temperatures, making it suitable for a number of industrial processes. Transparency : In its crystalline form (quartz), silica is often transparent to visible light, giving it optical applications. Hardness : Silicon dioxide ranks 7 on the Mohs hardness scale, making it a tough and resilient material. 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy Translucency and Color in Gemstones Silicon dioxide exhibits varying degrees of translucency. Chalcedony stones display a spectrum of colors, including delicate blues, soothing greens, and warm golden browns. This play of colors is a direct result of mineral inclusions in the silicon dioxide structure. Amorphous vs. Crystalline Forms While silicon dioxide can exist in both amorphous and crystalline states, chalcedony predominantly consists of the compact, cryptocrystalline variety. This unique structure contributes to the intricate patterns and bands seen in chalcedony stones. Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Chalcedony is a microcrystalline form of silicon dioxide. Characteristics of chalcedony gems include: Color Variety : Chalcedony comes in a wide range of colors, from blue and pink to white and yellow. These colors occur due to the presence of trace elements and impurities within the silicon dioxide structure. Luster and Shimmer : Chalcedony stones demonstrate a waxy to vitreous luster, often reflecting light in mesmerizing ways. Their fibrous structure may create a unique display of light and shadow. Translucency : While many chalcedony stones are opaque, some exhibit translucency, allowing light to pass through them, which adds to their aesthetic appeal. Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Corundum: Secrets of Valuable Gemstones Types of Chalcedony Chalcedony encompasses several varieties of stone, each with distinct features. These include: Agate : Characterized by its banded appearance, agate presents layers of colors and is often used in jewelry. Carnelian : Known for its reddish-orange hue, carnelian is used in ornamental jewelry and amulets throughout history. Onyx : This variant features parallel bands of contrasting colors and is popular in decorative objects and jewelry. Jasper : A form of chalcedony usually opaque, jasper comes in various rich earthy colors and striking patterns, often used in carvings. Tiger's Eye : Recognizable for its silk-like sheen and golden-brown colors, tiger's eye is said to have protective qualities and is used in adornments. Quartz: Clear quartz, rock crystal or crystal quartz is a beauty which can make prismatic effects of light. All types of quartz - rose, smoky etc - are silicates. Amethyst: A variety of quartz with iron oxide inclusions creating the dynamic purple colors. It's beloved for its luster, mythology, translucence and gradations of hue. Citrine: a yellow form of quartz, can also be darker smoky shades. Imitation citrine can be made by heat-treating amethyst, but properties vary from real citrine. Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Natural glass like obsidian or volcanic glass is up to 80% silica, and forms when lava is rapidly cooled. Libyan desert glass is 78% silica from sand fused by a lightning strike. Moldavite is dramatically formed. It's made of up to 98% silica when a meteor crashes to earth and its impact melts the surrounding sand. Uses of Silicon Dioxide The versatility of silicon dioxide extends beyond gemstones into numerous fields: Construction : Used extensively in concrete, asphalt, and glass manufacturing, silica is a foundational material in the construction industry. Electronics : Silicon dioxide is crucial in the semiconductor industry as an insulator and protective layer in electronic components. Industrial Applications : Used in ceramics, paint, rubber, and silicone production, silica enhances the durability and performance of various products. Health and Beauty : Finely powdered silica is a common ingredient in cosmetics, toothpaste, and supplements due to its absorbent and gentle properties. Silica is also the primary ingredient in silicon breast implants. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text It's a desiccant in food products, often found in little packets labeled "do not eat", to reduce moisture, thus mold or bacteria. It enhances optical clarity, improves abrasion resistance, and acts as a catalyst in chemical reactions giving an idea of the complex nature of this mineral. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Sacred Geometry celebrates the beauty of mathematics and creation. Its constructs are universal patterns and structures and a balance of physical and metaphysical. The concept of Sacred Geometry has captivated philosophers, artists, and truth seekers for centuries. Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Make Black Ink or Paint Pigment with Soot Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe What is Sacred Geometry? Sacred Geometry refers to geometric shapes and proportions considered fundamental to the nature of the universe. It draws connections between the physical and metaphysical, illustrating the belief that certain shapes and patterns reflect the architecture of creation itself. Not only does Sacred Geometry encompass basic shapes like circles, triangles, and squares, it includes intricate patterns like the Flower of Life and the Golden Ratio. These geometric figures are believed to hold spiritual significance. Sacred Geometry is a visual representation of universal truths. It comprises geometric patterns, shapes, and proportions holding symbolic meanings beyond physical form. Each geometric figure in Sacred Geometry is thought to carry profound implications and hidden wisdom. Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen Babylonian Astrology: Destiny in the Stars Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Who Invented Sacred Geometry? The concept of Sacred Geometry does not have a singular inventor; rather, it has evolved over millennia. Ancient civilizations including the Egyptians, Greeks, and Hindus contribute significantly to its development. Pythagoras, Greek philosopher and mathematician, is cited as a key figure, as he emphasizes importance of numbers and their relationships in describing the universe. His view that "all is number" encourages a broader understanding of geometry as a sacred language. Leonardo da Vinci and Plato also explore Sacred Geometry. Cultures such as the Mayans and the Chinese incorporated aspects of Sacred Geometry into their cosmologies and architectural designs. Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Where Did Sacred Geometry Come From? The origins of Sacred Geometry trace back to ancient civilizations, where geometry is intimately tied to spirituality. The Egyptians, for example, use geometric principles in the design of pyramids, suggesting a gateways to the afterlife. In India, the Mandalas and Yantras are geometric designs to symbolize cosmos, spirituality and meditation. Ancient Greeks use geometric ratios to define harmony and beauty in art, with the Parthenon being a prime example. As societies exchange knowledge and ideas, Sacred Geometry transcends geographic and cultural boundaries. Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Soot & Lampblack: Beauty, Art and Medicine Why is Sacred Geometry Sacred? It's meant to be a bridge between physical and spiritual realms, offering insight to the underlying order of creation. From the architecture of ancient temples to the intricate patterns of nature, Sacred Geometry embodies the transcendent beauty that unites us with the cosmos. Sacred Geometry is considered "sacred" due to the belief that it reflects the universal truths underlying existence. Many spiritual traditions posit certain shapes and patterns resonate with higher states of consciousness, facilitating a connection between the individual and divine. The idea of interconnection is central to Sacred Geometry. It illustrates that everything in the universe exists within a unified framework. The harmonious proportions of Sacred Geometry are believed to foster balance and beauty, both in nature and human creations. Tycho Brahe: Golden Renaissance Astronomer Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate When is Sacred Geometry Used? Sacred Geometry is used in various contexts, from religious and spiritual practices to art and architecture. It is prominently featured in the design of ancient temples, churches, and mosques, where the intention is to create spaces that evoke a sense of the divine. In modern times, practitioners of yoga and meditation may use Sacred Geometry to enhance the practices, using mandalas and geometric symbols for visualization and focus. Artists and designers also draw inspiration from these sacred shapes. Sacred Geometry is said to enable spiritual insights, harmonize energy and connect with the divine proportions governing the cosmos. As a bridge between the physical and spiritual it gives a glimpse into the underlying order of creation. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh The Four Medici Popes: Controversial Connections How is Sacred Geometry Used? The applications of Sacred Geometry are as diverse as its origins. Here are a few uses: Architecture : Numerous historical buildings, such as temples and cathedrals, are constructed with Sacred Geometry as a guiding principle. They include the Giza Pyramids and Gothic cathedrals like Notre-Dame. Art : Artists such as Leonardo da Vinci incorporate Sacred Geometry into work, using it to achieve balance and proportion. Modern artists and designers often employ geometric patterns to evoke deeper meaning or emotional resonance. Spiritual Practices : Meditation, visualization, and energy healing practices often incorporate forms of Sacred Geometry to facilitate inner peace, focus, and enlightenment. Education : In contemporary spiritual and holistic education, Sacred Geometry is a tool to teach about the relationships between the physical and spiritual realms, helping practitioners understand complex concepts through visual means. Sacred Geometry finds expression from art and architecture to spirituality and meditation. Architects incorporate its principles, Artists draw inspiration from its geometric forms. Truth seekers meditate on sacred symbols like the Sri Yantra to connect with higher consciousness. 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Natural Colors: How to Extract Plant Pigments Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Facts About Sacred Geometry The Flower of Life : This geometric figure consists of multiple overlapping circles and is considered one of the most significant symbols in Sacred Geometry, representing the cycle of creation. The Golden Ratio : This mathematical ratio (~1.618) appears in various natural phenomena and is often referred to as the "divine proportion." Artists and architects have used it to create aesthetically pleasing compositions. Mandalas : Often associated with Eastern spirituality, mandalas are intricate geometric designs used for meditation and as representations of the universe in Hindu and Buddhist traditions. Platonic Solids : These five shapes (tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron) are considered the building blocks of the physical universe in Sacred Geometry. Numerical Significance : Numbers have profound meanings in Sacred Geometry; for example, the number 3 represents creation, while the number 7 is often associated with spiritual awakening. The Fibonacci sequence , a key component of Sacred Geometry, appears in designs of nature, from seashells to sunflowers. It's a sequence in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. Numbers partaking in the Fibonacci sequence are known as Fibonacci numbers, commonly denoted Fn  . Many writers begin the sequence with 0 and 1, although some authors start it from 1 and 1 and some (as did Fibonacci) from 1 and 2. Starting from 0 and 1, the sequence begins 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, .... Titans of the Renaissance: Powerful Italian Families Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Carbon steel is an essential material in various industries, renowned for versatility and strength. Uncover the secrets of carbon steel: how it’s made, components, properties, historical context, applications and its relationship with carbon (C) on a broader scale. Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Molybdochalkos: Nigredo Black Lead of Maria How is Carbon Steel Made? Carbon steel is a steel alloy primarily made of iron and carbon. The manufacturing process involves combining iron with carbon in varying proportions to achieve desired properties. Steelmakers carefully control carbon content to alter characteristics of the final product. The production of carbon steel involves a process that typically includes the smelting of iron ore in a blast furnace. The key steps are as follows: Extraction : Iron ore is extracted from the earth's crust and is then crushed and concentrated. Smelting : The concentrated iron ore is combined with coke (a form of carbon) and limestone in a blast furnace. The heat generated from burning coke facilitates the reduction of iron ore into molten iron. Refining : The molten iron is poured into a converter where controlled amounts of carbon are added. This process helps in adjusting the carbon content to define the type of carbon steel being produced. Alloying : Additional elements, such as manganese, silicon, or nickel, can be introduced to enhance particular properties. Casting and Forming : Once the desired carbon and alloying elements are achieved, the steel is cooled and shaped through processes like rolling, forging, or casting. Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic What is Carbon? Carbon is a non-metal element with the atomic number 6, essential for life on Earth. It is a fundamental component of organic materials and occurs in various forms, such as graphite and diamond. In steel manufacturing, carbon serves as a crucial alloying element that imparts strength, hardness, and ductility to steel. When carbon atoms bond with iron, they enhance the strength and hardness of the resulting alloy, making it a fundamental component of steel production. Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Alchemy & the Magnum Opus - Black White Yellow Red When is Carbon Steel First Discovered? The inception of carbon steel dates back centuries. Historically, carbon steel was first discovered during the Iron Age when ancient civilizations realized the benefits of combining carbon with iron to create stronger and more durable tools and weapons. Carbon steel, in various forms, exists since ancient civilizations. Earliest evidence dates back to c. 1200 BCE, when artisans in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey) begin producing iron with varying amounts of carbon. The earliest steelworks, also in Anatolia, go back to c. 1800 BCE. 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Prague: Bohemians of the Renaissance Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals The specific term "carbon steel" becomes prevalent in the 19th century, during the industrial revolution, as understanding of steel composition and properties improved. Major industrial revolutions happen in countries like England and the newly-formed German Empire (1871 AD) What are the Components of Carbon Steel? Carbon steel consists of iron and carbon but may also contain small amounts of other elements like manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. The proportion of carbon in the alloy significantly influences the steel's properties. Niter (Saltpeter): Science of Alchemy Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Knife and sword blade production typically uses carbon steel as it's flexible with a keen edge. Carbon steel primarily comprises: Iron (Fe) : The main element, typically constituting about 98-99% of the alloy. Carbon (C) : The key alloying element, present in varying amounts from 0.02% to over 2%. Manganese (Mn) : Often added to improve strength and hardenability. Silicon (Si) : Acts as a deoxidizer and increases strength. Trace Elements : Small amounts of various elements like sulfur and phosphorus may be present as impurities. Carbon black, including subtypes like acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black, is a substance created by incomplete combustion of coal tar, organic materials or petroleum byproducts such as fuel oil or tar. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Carbon black is a colorant and strengthening agent in tires and various rubber goods; as a pigment and protective additive in plastics, paints, and ink. In the EU, it is permitted for use as a food coloring agent when derived from organic sources (E153). Metallurgical Carbon Black is primarily utilized as an additive in steel manufacturing during continuous casting. It serves as a heat preservation agent, carbon blending agent, and drainage agent in the steel production process. By increasing carbon content percentage, steel can be hardened and strengthened by heat treatment, but loses ductility. Weldability decreases with higher carbon content. regardless of heat treatment. In carbon steels, a higher carbon content results in a lower melting point. White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Properties of Carbon Steel Carbon steel boasts several desirable properties, including high tensile strength, durability, and excellent machinability. Its versatility makes it a popular choice across various industries, from construction to manufacturing. Carbon steel exhibits a range of properties depending on its carbon content and other factors: Strength : Higher carbon content typically increases strength. Ductility : Low-carbon steels are more ductile, which makes them easier to form. Hardness : As carbon content rises, hardness and wear resistance generally improve. Weldability : Low-carbon steels are easier to weld compared to high-carbon varieties. Electrum: Metal of Money & Myth Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Tin - Essential Metal of Antiquity Does Carbon Steel Rust? Yes, carbon steel is susceptible to rust when exposed to moisture and oxygen. The iron in carbon steel can oxidize, leading to corrosion unless protected by coatings, painting, or galvanization. Does Carbon Steel Turn Black? Carbon steel can appear black due to oxidation or the formation of a black oxide layer, especially when it undergoes certain heat treatments or surface treatments. Some processes, like blackening, enhance appearance and offer limited corrosion resistance. Over time, carbon steel develops a protective dark patina known as a black oxide layer. This natural process contributes to the material's aesthetics and offers additional protection against corrosion. Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Brunhilde: Tragic Germanic Warrior Queen Sweet Wormwood: Malaria Miracle Cure Uses of Carbon Steel Carbon steel finds widespread applications in construction, automotive manufacturing, infrastructure development, and toolmaking. Its strength and versatility make it indispensable in numerous everyday products and structures. Carbon steel is widely used across various sectors: Construction : Used for structural beams, rebar, and steel frames. Manufacturing : Commonly found in machinery parts, automotive components, and tools. Consumer Goods : Often used in appliances, cutlery, and kitchenware. Infrastructure : Pipes, railings, and bridges are often constructed from carbon steel due to its robustness. How Much Carbon is in Your Body? On average, a human body contains about 18% carbon, primarily in the form of organic compounds such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and lipids that are fundamental to life. This essential element forms the building blocks of life. It's present in all organic substances. 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Potassium Hydroxide, also known as caustic potash, has a history dating back to ancient times. A versatile chemical compound, it's used in various industries. It's been compared to lye (caustic soda) as both are highly corrosive. Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld History & Ancient Uses In early times, it's employed in the manufacture of soap and glass. The ancient Egyptians use potassium hydroxide as one of countless elements for mummifications. Early methods of extracting potash involve leaching the ashes of burnt hardwoods, rich in potassium salts. The ashes, primarily consisting of potassium carbonate (K2CO3), are dissolved in water to create a crude form of potash. It's also used as a food preservative. In the Middle Ages, potash is an important commodity, especially in Europe, as a crucial ingredient in the production of fertilizers and cleaning products. As the industrial revolutions happen, demand for refined forms of potash rise. Rot & Decay: Process of Organic Putrefaction Natron - Ancient Embalming & Household Salts Khet, the Body: Death Rites of Ancient Egypt Formation in Nature In nature, KOH is formed through the interaction of potassium carbonate with water and carbon dioxide. It can also be found in various minerals, such as sylvite and carnallite. Potassium hydroxide naturally occurs through weathering of minerals such as feldspar, mica and other potassium-rich rocks. These minerals, when exposed to water and acid conditions over long periods, release soluble potassium compounds into the environment. Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Alchemy & the Magnum Opus - Black White Yellow Red How to Make Caustic Potash Producing potassium hydroxide can be done a few ways: Electrolysis of Potassium Chloride (KCl) : This method involves dissolving potassium chloride in water and passing an electric current through the solution, which results in the formation of KOH at the cathode. Hydrolysis of Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) : By treating potassium carbonate with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) and heat, you can produce potassium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. Hydration of Potassium Oxide (K2O) : Directly combining potassium oxide with water can yield potassium hydroxide. Regardless of the method, safety precautions must be taken. Niter (Saltpeter): Science of Alchemy Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Properties of Potassium Hydroxide Potassium Hydroxide is a white, odorless solid, highly corrosive and soluble in water. It has strong alkaline properties, making it a potent base in chemical reactions. Potassium hydroxide is hygroscopic, meaning it readily absorbs moisture from the air. Notable properties include: Chemical Formula : KOH Molar Mass : 56.11 g/mol Melting Point : 360 °C (680 °F) Solubility : Highly soluble in water, generating a significant amount of heat in the process. pH : When dissolved in water, KOH creates a strongly alkaline solution (pH 13-14). Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Hydrogen Peroxide: Chemistry, Production, Risks Chemical Reactions Potassium Hydroxide is active in various chemical reactions, including neutralization reactions with acids to form salts and water. Additionally, it reacts exothermically with water, releasing heat and generating potassium hydroxide solution. Neutralization Reactions : KOH reacts with acids to form salts and water. For example: [ KOH + HCl → KCl + H_2O ] Formation of Potassium Salts : It is used to produce potassium salts, such as potassium carbonate (K2CO3) and potassium phosphate (K3PO4). Saponification : As a strong base, KOH is used in the saponification process to produce soft soaps from triglycerides. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Status & Rights of Women in Imperial Rome Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Uses of Potassium Hydroxide Today Potassium hydroxide's unique properties make it indispensable in various applications today: Agriculture : It is used as a fertilizer to provide potassium, an essential nutrient for plant growth. Food Industry : KOH is utilized in food processing, such as in the manufacturing of olives and lye processing of various foods. Soap and Detergent Production : Soft soap, which is potassium-based, is synthesized from KOH. Industrial Cleaning Agents : Due to its caustic nature, KOH is used in cleaning products for both commercial and domestic purposes. Batteries : KOH is a critical component in the production of alkaline batteries. Chemical Synthesis : It acts as a catalyst or reagent in various chemical laboratory processes. Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Facts about Caustic Potash Safety : KOH is highly corrosive and can cause severe burns on contact with skin or eyes. It should always be handled with appropriate safety gear. Environmental Impact : While useful, KOH can pose a risk to aquatic life if introduced into waterways in high concentrations. Market Demand : Caustic potash continues to see demand growth, especially in the sustainable agriculture sector, where potassium is critical for crop production. Caustic Potash is used in the food industry for processing cocoa, chocolate, and coffee. Vital ingredient in pharmaceuticals, functioning in the synthesis of various medications. Potassium Hydroxide is a key component in the production of biodiesel with relevance in renewable energy sectors. Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Molybdochalkos is a blend of copper and lead. It's the standard metal used in the kerotakis, an alchemical creation attributed to Maria or Mary the Jewess c. 100 AD. Maria's concept is the basis for the later alchemical process defined as blackening or nigredo . Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Mary lives and works in Alexandria , Egypt, where the Nile delta becomes the Mediterranean coast. A center of scholarship and medicine since the days of the Ptolemaic Pharaohs, Alexandria is also a center of glass-making. This promotes the rise of alchemy due to the ability to see one's experiments in action. Maria, called the "first true alchemist" by Zosimos , delights in watching her processes through the glass stomach of vessels such as the retort or alembic. With glass, one can make specialized inventions and Mary is credited with a few. She refers to metal alloys as "our lead" or "our copper", common phraseology in later alchemical writings. Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals Finding the Philosophers' Egg Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess In Mary's texts, the "blackened lead" produced by exposing the alloy to sulfur vapors is an artificial breakdown. This is distinct from naturally occurring black lead. Graphite is known as black lead. It's not officially discovered until 1565, but in use since Neolithic times. Molybdochalkos (Greek: Χαλκομόλυβδος or Chalkomólyvdos "copper-lead") is 90% lead and 10% copper. When copper interacts with sulfur-containing substances like specific chemicals, gases, or even fingerprints, it blackens due to creation of copper sulfide compounds. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Sulfur vapors cause the copper to break down and the metal turns black. In later alchemy nigredo is the Latin one of four color phases Maria teaches. She uses the colors black, white, yellow and red to explain the alchemical process as applied to copper. These are the basic colors of the Greek scribal or artists' palette. Maria gets the idea for her innovative kerotakis based on the method of keeping the palette on a small brazier. Wax is often used as a medium so heat keeps paint liquid. It's vital to maintain a steady temperature. Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Alchemy & the Magnum Opus - Black White Yellow Red Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld Eventually these four color phases become standard reference for all alchemical works, rather than simply a treatment of copper. Later alchemists drop the yellow or see it as a "bridge". Even later, spiritual alchemy injects the blackening with deep personal relevance. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top