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Ninkasi is a goddess of beer and brewing in ancient Mesopotamia. She embodies the pleasant, ambrosial and aphrodisiac effects of beer as well as the ravaging destructive side. She's cognate or related to Siris . Siris - Beer Goddess of Mesopotamia Maltose: Sweet Delight of Brewing & Energy Bizilla - Shining Love Goddess Sukkal With Siris (Siraš) she's worshipped as a courtier of Enlil , father of the Gods. Her main cult center is the ancient Sumerian city Nippur. She may be associated with underworld figures such as prison goddess Nungal and death deity Laṣ, linked to negative effects of drinking. Ninkasi is connected to beer brewing, process and ingredients. Ancient beer and other alcoholic beverages worldwide are usually made from grains. Barley and emmer wheat are two basics of Mesopotamian beer. Nungal (Manungal) Prison Goddess Emmer Wheat - First Domestic Crops Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Emmer Wheat - earliest grain crops Symbols of Ninkasi include a cup or goblet. She appears in artistic scenes of entertainment and banquets, on libation vessels. She's shown on game boards such as the Royal Game of Ur (c. 2400 BCE); and in hymns or on musical instruments. Her worship extends back to the Early Dynastic Period c. 2900 - 2350 BCE. Theophoric names invoking Ninkasi in the Early Dynastic and Sargonic (c. 2334 - 2279 BCE) periods include Amar-Ninkasi and Ur-Ninkasi. Yeast Fermentation: Beer Brewing Process Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Queen of Yeasts Wooden barrels The five children of Ninkasi embody terms related to beer, drinking and drunkenness. They are Meḫuš ("glowing me ") Mekù (or Menkù, "beautiful me " or "beautiful crown") Ememete (or Menmete, "ornate speech" or "ornate crown") Kitušgirizal ("magnificent seat") Nušiligga ("not drying up") The me or mes are divine decrees basic to Sumerian religious and social institutions. They encompass the morals, technology, human behavior and conditions comprising Mesopotamian civilization and human destiny. Ninkasi has no spouse or consort, a trait she shares with Siris. Another deity associated with both Siris and Ninkasi is Patindu, a god linked to ritual libation. His name is interpreted to mean "he who makes the stream of wine sweet." Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Wild Yeast: Microbes Acting Naturally Ninkasi is known as the "brewer of Ekur (mountain house of the gods)." She's equal in rank to Ninimma, the scribe of Enlil; divine butcher Ninšar; and Enlil's snake charmer Ninmada, sometimes a daughter of Ninkasi. Snakes relate to medicine, poison, underworld, sensuality, prosperity and conquest of fear. These qualities are also connected to beer or drinking. Despite a reference as a "divine barmaid," Ninkasi is not associated with purveyance or sale of beer. Sustainable Gardening: Compost & Old Beer Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Wort: Sweet Temptation for Beer-Making Yeast Copper Vats of a Brewery A hymn to Ninkasi is known from the Old Babylonian period (c. 1894 -1595 BCE) A poetic description of the brewing, it depicts the main ingredient ss bappir , a type of bread. Scholars believe bappir refers to sourdough. References to honey appear in the hymn, but seen as lyric praise of the quality and aroma of beer brewed by Ninkasi. In administrative texts, only barley and emmer wheats are described as beer ingredients. Honey mead however is known since Neolithic times. The Mesopotamian hero Lugalbanda calls her "the expert woman, who redounds to her mother's credit." He says her fermenting vat is made of lapis lazuli , and her cask of silver  and gold . At one point "the wooden dahaša  (a cup or vessel) of Ninkasi" puts him to sleep. Beer: Malting & Mashing in Grain Fermentation Krausen (Kräusen): Bubbles of Brewing Success Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Shulpae (Šulpae) is a Mesopotamian demon god. His wife is the eternal Ninhursag , the mother mountain goddess. Her major cult center is Kesh, and as her consort Shulpae receives honors there too. Kur - Underworld of Mesopotamia Edimmu: Evil Demons of Vengeance Namtar: Underworld Sukkal & Disease Demon Shulpae (Šulpae), Warrior God and Lord of Demons As for his parentage, he has no listed lineage and is considered an astral deity. He's associated with the planet Jupiter, especially the heliacal rising of the planet. Jupiter is at its heliacal rise, or 12° from the Sun, once a year. It's the annual point at which a star or planet becomes visible at sunrise after the orbit of the earth around the Sun. Orbit takes 12 lunar months. Occasionally one is added to balance out the difference. Twelve and 60 are the basis of the sexagesimal system of measurement for building and time in Mesopotamia. The system is central   to the Sumerian cultures and succeeding civilizations. It remains as in 360° in a circle, 60 minutes in an hour and 12 months in a year. Sacred Geometry: Insight to the Mysteries Sin (Nanna): Moon God of Mesopotamia Ninhursag - Great Mountain Mother Jupiter, Planet of Divine Wisdom & Prosperity With Jupiter as his celestial body, Shulpae is equated with Mesopotamian Enlil, Anum-Ra of Egypt, as well as the later Greek Zeus (Roman Jupiter), Babylonian god-hero Marduk and Norse thunder god Thor. The weekday associated with Jupiter is Thursday. Shulpae is strong, athletic and self-confident. Šulpae's name is translated from Sumerian as "the youth shining forth" or "the young one shining forth". Nonetheless he's an ancient deity. The earliest appearance of his name is in cuneiform c. 2900 BCE, in which he's called dŠul-pa-è.  The d designates deity. He's a god with considerable power. Mušḫuššu - Snake Dragon Animal of Marduk Namtar: Underworld Sukkal & Disease Demon Gula - Medicine Goddess of Mesopotamia Lordly Marduk with the mušḫuššu , his snake-dragon companion The appellation Lugaludda ( dLugal-ud-da ) or Lord of the Demons is first attributed to Shulpae in an offering list of Ur III period, 2112 to 2004 BCE. It appears as Šulpae's alternate name in the Mesopotamian god list An = Anum in the 16th century BCE. Shulpae is a Divine Warrior. He's a deity of wild animals and orchards. He's also one of the most dreaded disease demons in the known lands, associated with benu / bennu or epilepsy. Bau - Healing Goddess of Babylonia Ereshkigal Goddess of Underworld & Night Disease Demons & Doctors: Ancient Mesopotamia Shulpae can cause traumatic illness Symptoms of bennu include seizures and convulsions, uncontrollable cries or goat-like bleating, lack of awareness and insanity. The prescribed treatment includes wearing a leather amulet while breathing fumes of charred incense prepared to a special mixture. Šulpae acts on the instructions of Sin (Nanna), the Moon God, creating a connection between lunacy and the moon. Sin is a senior member of the pantheon and generally seen as benevolent. Sacred Music of Ancient Mesopotamia Gibil - Fire God of Mesopotamia Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients The recumbent crescent moon is the lunar barque or boat of Sin (Nanna) Among the Gods, disease is a common way to punish disrespectful mortals. It's not unusual for an otherwise benign entity to call for the action of a disease demon. Such is the story of Enlil , a kindly father figure and old King of the Gods. He sends the demon Namtar to spread disease among the mortals because their noise keeps Enlil awake. Asherah: Goddess of Childbirth & Fertility Hymn to Nungal - Prison Goddess Dream Interpretation (Oneiromancy) - Mesopotamia Despite his tendency to take a walk on the evil side, Shulpae and Ninhursag have a good relationship. In a hymn she calls him 'beloved spouse', a term of endearment which applies to him through the ages. His cult extends to Girsu in southern Mesopotamia, where he shares a temple with Ninazu . He receives offerings of fish. He's on the god lists of several cities including Ur , Uruk , Adab, Larsa and Nippur. Asag - Horrific Disease Demon of Kur Lisin - Medicine Goddess of Ancients Gallu (Galla) Demons of Ancient Kur Fish are among the offerings to Shulpae His demonic associations cause complications. People do not worship demons in the ancient world, which might explain why he appears on some god lists under a theomorphic or assumed name. People don't ignore demons either. Malevolent entities might be given praise or offerings as pacification. As an astral figure Shulpae is neither god nor demon, but merely presents different aspects of his nature. Shulpae and Ninhursag have 3-4 children. They are Ashgi, a tutelary god of Adab; Panigingarra, whose worship center is also Adab; Lisin , a goddess who later becomes a fire god; and possibly a deity named Lillu. Aya - Goddess of Dawn, Mesopotamia Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Bashmu (Bašmu): Voracious Serpent Dragon Mesopotamian exorcist (āšipu (or mašmaššu) one of three types of doctor Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Plutonium-239 is an artificial isotope in nuclear energy and technology. It's not usually found in nature, produced primarily in nuclear reactors through neutron capture. Nuclear Energy: Power & Process Environment: Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Carbon-14 Diamond Battery: Nuclear Power Nuclear power towers releasing steam Specifically, when uranium-238, the most common isotope of uranium, absorbs a neutron, it undergoes a series of radioactive decays. It ultimately transforms into Pu-239. About Plutonium-239 Plutonium-239 (Pu-239) is first synthesized in 1940. With a half-life of 24,100 years, Pu-239 is stable and long-lasting compared to other isotopes. The nucleus of plutonium-239 has 93 protons and 146 neutrons. This specific structure causes it to undergo fission when it collides with a neutron. Splitting of the plutonium atom by the neutron releases a huge amount of energy as heat and radiation. This is because the smaller nuclei have less binding energy than the original, heavier nucleus. Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk Such properties are foundational to its primary roles in nuclear reactors and weapons. For instance, Pu-239 can sustain a chain reaction, valuable in nuclear technology. Plutonium-239 is not naturally abundant. Trace quantities of plutonium can form through neutron capture by uranium-238. Most plutonium in the environment comes from nuclear power production and weapons testing.  In neutron capture, uranium-238, the most prevalent uranium isotope, snatches a neutron to form uranium-239. It then beta decays into neptunium-239 before ultimately decaying into plutonium-239. After its production, plutonium-239 is isolated and chemically purified. Extraction involves multiple chemical reactions to separate plutonium from accompanying elements in the nuclear fuel cycle. Environment: Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons Lodestones: Natural Ferromagnetic Compass A common method is solvent extraction, using organic solvents to isolate plutonium from other isotopes. Several factors make Pu-239 a particularly potent isotope. Fissile Material: This is the defining characteristic. Pu-239 is a fissile material, meaning it can sustain a nuclear chain reaction. When struck by a neutron, a Pu-239 nucleus is splits (fission), releasing energy and more neutrons. The neutrons then trigger fission in other Pu-239 atoms. Half-Life: Pu-239 has a half-life of 24,100 years. This means it takes over 24 millennia for half of a sample of Pu-239 to decay into other elements. This long half-life contributes to the long-term radioactivity of nuclear waste. Radioactive Decay: Pu-239 decays primarily through alpha emission, releasing an alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons) and transforming into uranium-235. Like Pu-239, U-235 is fissile. Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Weapons of Mass Destruction: United States Creation of Magnetism in Rocks Some militaries use depleted uranium as high-density penetrators. Its configuration of protons and neutrons split in a way allowing it to fire off multiple neutrons in the reaction, rather than absorb the neutron to create a larger isotope. Both Pu-239 and U-235 create chain reactions. Uses of Plutonium-239 1. Nuclear Weapons Pu-239 is a core component of many nuclear weapons designs. Its ability to sustain a rapid and powerful chain reaction makes it ideal for creating the explosive force of a nuclear bomb. Modern nuclear weapons use a combination of Pu-239 and other fissile materials like uranium-235. These help achieve optimal yield and efficiency. How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion North Korea (DPRK): Total Control Oxidation: Metabolism & Molecular Action Presence of Pu-239 in spent nuclear fuel raises concerns about nuclear proliferation. It can be extracted and used for weapons development. Plutonium-239 is especially effective in explosive devices due to its ability to maintain a rapid chain reaction. The first atomic bomb using plutonium-239 is detonated in 1945 during the Trinity Test, a landmark moment. For military use, weapons-grade plutonium-239 must meet strict criteria. Production and handling of plutonium-239 are regulated by international arms control agreements. Military-grade plutonium must have a purity level of over 90%. Magnetotactic Bacteria: Magnetic Microbes Deglobalization in the Modern World Gravity: Celestial Bodies & Space Travel Military grade plutonium ring - enough for one bomb 2. Nuclear Power Generation Pu-239 is used as fuel in some types of nuclear reactors like breeder reactors. These reactors are designed to generate electricity and also produce more fissile material (Pu-239) than they consume. In conventional nuclear reactors, Pu-239 is created as a byproduct of uranium fission. Reactor-grade plutonium can be used as fuel. It has different handling and processing needs than weapons-grade plutonium. Mixed Oxide (MOX) fuel, a blend of uranium and plutonium oxides, is increasingly used in nuclear reactors. This recycles plutonium from spent nuclear fuel and reduces the amount of high-level radioactive waste. Space Aerosols: Weather, Health, Ecology Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) Dangers & Concerns Nuclear Proliferation: Accessibility of Pu-239 in spent nuclear fuel is a major concern for international security, especially in preventing proliferation of nuclear weapons. Radioactive Waste Management: Pu-239 contributes to the long-term radioactivity of nuclear waste. Due to its long half-life, the waste must be stored safely for tens of thousands of years. Health Hazards: Pu-239 is highly toxic. Inhalation or ingestion can lead to severe health problems, including cancer. Criticality Accidents: The concentration of Pu-239 above a certain threshold in the presence of a moderator (like water) can lead to an uncontrolled chain reaction. A criticality accident releases a burst of radiation. Satellite Radio Waves: Type & Function Magnetic Fields & Space Travel Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Chernobyl scene Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Nuclear energy uses the power of the atom, the fundamental constituent of matter. Atomic energy is released through nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. Nuclear power has its pros and cons. Environment: Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Carbon-14 Diamond Battery: Nuclear Power Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons Steam rises from reactor towers Process 1: Nuclear Fission This is the common procedure. The process splits a heavy atom like uranium-235 or plutonium-239 into smaller atoms. A neutron colliding with these unstable elements does the trick. Splitting releases a huge amount of energy as heat and radiation. This is because the smaller nuclei have less binding energy than the original, heavier nucleus. Additional neutrons created by the process trigger further fission reactions and create a chain reaction. While one atom releases only a small amount of energy, the vast energy created comes from splitting trillions. Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space How Solar Panels Work Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Process 2: Nuclear Fusion This is the opposite process, where light atoms, like isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium), are forced together under extreme heat and pressure to form a heavier atom, like helium. This process also powers the sun. It releases more energy than fission. Scientists actively research fusion as a potential power source for the future, due to its energy abundance and cleaner output. The process releases energy because the combined mass of the resulting single nucleus is less than the mass of the two original nuclei. Excess mass converts into energy. Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Gravity: Celestial Bodies & Space Travel Laser Weapons in Modern Warfare nuclear protest How Nuclear Reactors Produce Energy Nuclear reactors are designed to control and use energy released from nuclear fission. Fuel: The reactor core contains nuclear fuel, such as enriched uranium pellets. A single uranium fuel pellet, the size of a pencil eraser, can produce as much energy as a ton of coal. Chain Reaction: Neutrons bombard the uranium atoms, initiating a controlled chain reaction. Heat Generation: Uranium fuel pellets undergo fission upon absorbing neutrons, releasing heat. Coolant: A coolant, typically water, circulates through the reactor core, absorbing the heat. Steam Production: The heated coolant transfers its heat to water, producing steam. Turbine and Generator: The steam drives a turbine, which in turn spins a generator to produce electricity. Control Rods: Control rods, made of neutron-absorbing materials like boron or cadmium, are used to regulate the chain reaction and prevent it from becoming chaotic. They absorb neutrons and can be inserted further into the core to slow down the reaction or withdrawn to speed it up. Various reactor designs exist, such as pressurized water reactors (PWR) and boiling water reactors (BWR). They all use the same core principles of fission and energy generation. Creation of Magnetism in Rocks Clean Rooms: Science & Technology Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials view from inside the tower Nuclear Energy on Earth The primary use of nuclear energy is electricity generation, producing 10% of the world's electricity supply. France creates 70% of its electricity from nuclear power. Other countries like Canada and China use nuclear energy for efficiency and lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to fossil fuels. Beyond electricity, nuclear energy is important in medicine. In nuclear medicine radioactive isotopes are used for therapy in cancer treatment. Nuclear energy is used in research ranging from tracing chemical pathways in biology to testing material at the atomic level. Laser Technology: How Lasers Work How Spacecraft Avoid Burning Up on Reentry Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Nuclear Energy in Space Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators (RTGs): These convert the heat from natural decay of radioactive materials, such as plutonium-238, directly into electricity. RTGs powered numerous spacecraft, including the Voyager probes, which traveled over 1, the Cassini orbiter, and Mars rovers Curiosity and Perseverance. VGER probes have traveled over 18 billion km (11 billion mi). Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP): This emerging technology uses a nuclear reactor to heat a propellant, like hydrogen, to extremely high temperatures. It's then expelled through a nozzle to generate thrust. Nuclear Power on Lunar and Martian Bases: Nuclear reactors can provide a reliable and continuous source of electricity in environments where solar, hydroelectric and wind energy are limited or unavailable. How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts What Robots Need to Function & Survive Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Nuclear Reactors & Warfare While nuclear power plants aren't designed for warfare, they have indirect implications. Technology and materials of power production are historically a concern in proliferation, or spread of nuclear weapons technology. The same process used to generate electricity can also produce nuclear weapons, raising concerns about security and proliferation. Nuclear power plants may also be targets in conflicts. Any damage has disastrous effects. Countries successfully develop nuclear weapons by enriching uranium or creating plutonium in reactors. The dual-use dilemma requires regulations and international agreements. These are often used to political advantage. Spacecraft Graveyard of the South Pacific Earth's Atmosphere: Layers of Dynamic Design Human Microchip Implants: Pros & Cons plutonium Nuclear Energy: Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Nuclear power plants produce virtually no greenhouse gases during operation, making them a valuable tool in combating climate change. High Energy Density: Nuclear fuel has an enormous amount of energy compared to fossil fuels, requiring less fuel to produce the same amount of electricity. Reliable and Continuous Power: Unlike renewable energy sources like solar and wind, nuclear power plants can operate continuously, providing a stable and reliable source of electricity. Energy Independence: Countries with nuclear power plants can reduce reliance on imported fossil fuels, promoting energy independence. Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses Disadvantages Nuclear Accidents: The risk of nuclear accidents, although low, can have catastrophic consequences.  Historical events are the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the Fukushima incident in 2011. Consequences of reactor failures include environmental contamination and serious health problems. Radioactive Waste: Nuclear fission produces radioactive waste that remains hazardous for thousands of years. Finding safe and permanent storage solutions for this waste is a major challenge.   Proper disposal of nuclear waste is one of the biggest disadvantages in nuclear energy. Highly radioactive spent fuel needs to be stored to prevent contamination. For used fuel designated as high-level radioactive waste (HLW), storage is the first step, to allow decay of radioactivity and heat. This makes handling safer. Used fuel may be stored in specially made ponds or dry casks, either at reactor sites or centrally. Ocean disposal is internationally banned in 1993. The problem, as with human carbon sequestration and space debris , is accumulation over time. Top 5 Countries of the Global Space Race Lasercom: Laser Communication in Space Genetic Engineering: Biotechnology of Change High Initial Costs: Nuclear power plants are expensive to construct. Radiation Exposure : Workers in nuclear facilities are potentially exposed to radiation. Safety protocols must be rigorously maintained to protect health and as always, avoid lawsuits and negative publicity. To address these risks, newer reactors are engineered with advanced safety features. Governments enforce strong regulations on nuclear facility operations. For example, Canada's list is here . Facts About Nuclear Energy The first commercial nuclear power plant starts operating in Shippingport, Pennsylvania in 1958. There are 440 nuclear power plants operating worldwide, producing 10% of global electricity. Nuclear fusion is considered the "holy grail" of energy production due to its potential for clean, abundant energy. Achieving controlled and sustained nuclear fusion remains a major challenge. France relies on nuclear energy for about 70% of its electricity. Interest in nuclear fusion continues to rise, with projects like ITER aiming to make fusion a potential energy source in coming decades. New reactor designs, such as small modular reactors (SMRs) and advanced reactors, are in process to enhance safety, reduce waste, and improve efficiency. Nanorobots: Micro Robotic Tech, Ecology, Health Water Pollution: Eight Countries in Crisis Silver (Ag): Ancient Trade to Modern Tech Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Lithium-ion batteries power many aspects of life including smartphones and electric vehicles. With rapid market growth comes the question of recycling, toxicity and disposal of lithium ion batteries. Carbon-14 Diamond Battery: Nuclear Power Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses Ideonella sakaiensis : Plastic-Eating Bacteria While battery power is a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels, end-of-life management raises concerns. Recycling lithium-ion batteries uses two main methods, hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. Direct recycling is a future option. Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries last about 2 to 3 years or 300 to 500 charge cycles, whichever comes first. Most EV batteries last 15-20 years, with average degradation rate of 1.8% per year. Hydrometallurgy: Water Treatment & Dissolution In hydrometallurgy aqueous solutions dissolve and selectively extract valuable metals from shredded battery components. The process begins with dismantling and shredding the batteries. This is followed by leaching, or submerging the shredded material in a chemical solution, often a strong acid. Leaching dissolves target metals, like lithium , nickel , cobalt and manganese, into the solution. Magnetotactic Bacteria: Magnetic Microbes Deglobalization in the Modern World Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins The next stage selectively separates and purifies each metal using techniques like solvent extraction, precipitation and ion exchange. Each metal is recovered as a pure compound, ready for reuse. Hydrometallurgy has several advantages. It achieves high recovery rates and purity for multiple metals. It gives precise control over the separation process, enabling recovery of a wider range of materials. It needs a lot of water, up to 1000 liters per ton of batteries processed. It's energy-intensive due to heating and mixing. Use of corrosive chemicals raises fears about wastewater treatment and environmental contamination. Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons Gravity: Weather, Pollution & Ocean Tides Space Aerosols: Weather, Health, Ecology Pyrometallurgy: Heat Treatment In pyrometallurgy, a high-temperature process, shredded battery materials are heated in a furnace. This recovers valuable metals like nickel and cobalt, often alloyed with copper or iron. The alloy is then processed to separate individual metals. Other elements like lithium and aluminum often end up in the slag, a byproduct of the melting process. Some slag can be used in construction materials but recovery of lithium from slag is problematic and often not economically viable. Pyrometallurgy has lower recovery rates for lithium and other valuable materials. 7 Primary Electrolytes: Essential Ions & Health Nickel (Ni): Metallurgy Facts & Folklore Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health The high temperatures require major energy input and can release harmful gases, contributing to air pollution. By-products such as ash can contain toxic metals. Despite its drawbacks, pyrometallurgy is often simpler and more cost-effective than hydrometallurgy for large-scale operations. Direct Recycling Direct recycling is gains traction as a more sustainable and efficient alternative. This method attempts to minimize chemical processing and energy consumption by directly reusing or repairing battery components. In direct recycling the battery is dismantled and each cell carefully inspected. Usable cells are repurposed, while damaged cells are processed to recover their individual components like electrodes and electrolytes. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Tin Mining in the Bronze Age c 3300 - 1200 BCE Seven Metals of Antiquity - Metallurgy Recovered electrode materials can be directly reprocessed into new electrodes. Environmental benefits include lower energy consumption, fewer greenhouse gas emissions and reduced reliance on virgin materials. The approach needs careful sorting, testing, and quality control to ensure performance and safety of repurposed components. The process is more labor-intensive and limited by availability of consistent battery designs. Toxic Components & Waste Disposal Lithium-ion batteries contain several toxic components, including: Heavy Metals: Nickel, arsenic , cobalt, lead and manganese, while valuable, are also toxic heavy metals. They can contaminate soil and water with risks to human health and ecosystems. Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space How Solar Panels Work Scheele's Green: History's Most Toxic Pigment Nickel (Ni) Electrolytes: Electrolytes used in lithium-ion batteries may be flammable and corrosive. They can release toxic gases, such as hydrofluoric acid, upon decomposition, a serious respiratory hazard. Organic Solvents: Organic solvents used in electrolytes are volatile and can contribute to air pollution. Some solvents are also carcinogenic. Improper disposal of lithium-ion batteries as in landfilling or incineration can release toxic substances into the environment. Landfills leach heavy metals into groundwater, while burning emits toxic fumes into the air. Gravity: Celestial Bodies & Space Travel Laser Weapons in Modern Warfare Nanorobots: Micro Robotic Tech, Ecology, Health landfill Recycling processes themselves can generate toxic waste. Hydrometallurgy can produce acidic wastewater containing dissolved metals and organic solvents. Pyrometallurgy slag contains heavy metals and air pollutants. Lead, cadmium and cobalt pose serious health risks if released into the environment. Contaminants from batteries travel hundreds of feet from disposal sites, endangering ecosystems and public health. Regulations & Innovations in Recycling Many countries implement regulatory frameworks. The European Union has introduced laws requiring manufacturers to recycle batteries, pushing them to take responsibility for their products. Innovation in recycling technology continues to advance. Researchers explore new techniques, including biotechnological methods using microbes for metal extraction from battery waste. These methods could develop safer alternatives. Akitu Festival: Springtime in Mesopotamia How Spacecraft Avoid Burning Up on Reentry Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The world's first carbon-14 diamond battery comes from the UK. Purported to last for thousands of years, it presents a hope for environmental future and the potential death of many energy-sucking ion batteries. Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Magnetotactic Bacteria: Magnetic Microbes Nanotechnology: Nanoscale Power & Progress sci-fi spacecraft Researchers at the University of Bristol, in partnership with UK Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), create the world’s first carbon-14 diamond battery in Dec 2024. It revolutionizes concepts of world energy power. Carbon-14 diamond batteries can power devices for thousands of years without frequent battery changes. Carbon-14 (14C) is a radioactive isotope of carbon. It forms naturally in the upper atmosphere as cosmic rays interact with nitrogen atoms, creating neutrons. These collide with nitrogen-14, transforming it to carbon-14.  It's then incorporated into the Earth's carbon cycle through plants and animals. A low-energy beta emitter, it has no known harmful effects on humans. Earth's Atmosphere: Layers of Dynamic Design Solar Panels & Batteries in Space Creation of Magnetism in Rocks Robots built for extreme environments can benefit from diamond batteries Lithium-ion batteries rely on chemical reactions. Carbon diamond batteries use energy released from carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon. Carbon-14 is usually associated with radiocarbon dating in archaeology. Radiocarbon dating, or carbon-14 dating can accurately determine the age of organic materials as old as 60,000 years. Carbon 14 even occurs in naturally created diamonds. Diamonds have traces of carbon-14 (C-14) because the Earth's atmosphere, where C-14 is continuously generated, is a carbon source. The carbon is integrated into carbon-rich fluids creating diamonds deep inside the Earth. Nuclear power plants have advanced safety features so a crisis like Chernobyl is unlikely to recur. The looming specter of nuclear war continues to sway opinions. Metalloproteins: Biochemistry of Nature & Health Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons Clean Rooms: Science & Technology Public fears of disaster impair deployment of this energy source. Untapped nuclear power resources in Ukraine, which the US hopes to acquire along with mineral rights, attest to nuclear stigma and concurrent values. They can produce fissile fuel for nuclear weapons. However, nuclear has many different applications. Even large quantities of the carbon-14 isotope pose minimal risk, as beta radiation hardly passes through the body's dead skin layer, the outermost part of the epidermis. Compare this to sunlight. Sunlight penetration varies based on wavelength. UVB rays are largely absorbed in the epidermis, the outer layer of skin. UVA rays go about 4-5 mm into the dermis.  UVA rays, a type of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, make up 95% of the UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Deeper penetration into the skin causes the body to form a protective barrier of melanin ie a tan. Why Apples Turn Brown: Science & Nature How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Laser Technology: How Lasers Work UVA rays are also associated with premature aging and some types of skin cancer. Thus carbon-14 is safer than sunlight. Its slow and steady decay creates an ideal source of low-power electricity. By embedding carbon-14 in a diamond structure, radiation emitted during carbon-14’s decay turns to usable electricity. It has a half-life of 5,730 years. This reduces need for replacements, with less waste and resource consumption. How it Works: Radioactive Decay & Diamond Strength Carbon-14 is embedded within a synthetic diamond. Diamonds are renowned for hardness and durability and provide a barrier against energy leakage. Natural Glass Gemstones: Cataclysmic Fusion Asteria - Starry Gems of Myth & Magic Carnelian - Sunny Gems of the Ancient World The diamond is a semiconductor . Beta radiation (electrons) from carbon-14 decay interact with the diamond lattice to generate an electric current. The beta particles, with an average energy of 50 keV, collide with carbon atoms. This generates electron-hole pairs contributing to an electric current. The energy is low power, unsuited for high-demand devices like cars or phones. Longevity and low maintenance needs are perfect for other applications. In healthcare, carbon diamond batteries can power life-saving devices like pacemakers and insulin pumps. They eliminate frequent battery replacements and contribute to patient comfort. In space exploration, satellites currently rely on solar panels or radioisotope thermoelectric generators. Carbon-14 diamond batteries enable advanced scientific instruments to function without interruption. Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Electric Vehicles (EVs): Creation & Operation Fossil Fuels: Ecology & Economy In current satellite missions, many low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites operate on batteries lasting 5-15 years. They're replaced or the craft is abandoned, contributing to growing accumulation of space junk . It's often de-orbited . Spacecraft like de-orbited satellites burn up in the atmosphere and/or are directed to land in the Pacific Ocean spacecraft graveyard . Both have environmental consequences. Carbon-14 diamond batteries extend battery lifespan dramatically. They enable continuous operation without challenges of deployment or replacement. Traditional batteries often contain toxic materials and disposal causes ongoing problems. In contrast, carbon-14 batteries produce negligible waste from the carbon-14 decay process. Space Aerosols: Weather, Health, Ecology Gravity: Celestial Bodies & Space Travel De-Orbiting Satellites: Problems & Processes ion batteries have hazardous materials and need to be recycled, which doesn't always happen The global battery market is expected to grow by over 30% in the next five years. Incorporating carbon-14 batteries into this growth can result in significant reduction in environmental risks associated with battery disposal. Uses Medical Implants: Pacemakers, cochlear implants, and other life-saving medical devices can operate for decades without needing replacement, reducing risk of surgery and improving patient quality of life. Low-Power Electronics:  Niche applications like low-power sensors, wearable devices, and even some embedded systems can benefit from the consistent, long-lasting power. Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Lodestones: Natural Ferromagnetic Compass RF tags : Diamond batteries can power active radio frequency (RF) tags to identify and track devices on Earth or space, like spacecraft or payloads, for many decades. This lowers costs and increases operational lifespan. Problems Manufacturing synthetic diamonds is expensive. Research and development seek ways to optimize production processes and reduce costs to make the batteries commercially viable. Remote Sensors:  Environmental monitoring in harsh environments, such as deep-sea exploration or Arctic research, can be powered for extended periods without need of regular battery changes. Space Exploration:  Diamond batteries can power remote sensors and scientific instruments on long-duration space missions, where battery replacement is impossible. Carbon Dioxide (CO2): the Good & the Bad Spacecraft Re-Entry: Atmosphere & Aerosols Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Curiosity Rover on Mars, selfie Public perception of radioactive materials can be detrimental. Despite diamond encapsulation, minimal risk of carbon-14 harm and its current use in radiocarbon dating, public acceptance of this technology can be limited. Regulatory approval processes can delay the product's entry into the marketplace. Comprehensive safety assessments are required to address any possible environmental and health concerns. In the world of commerce, nothing is supposed to endure a long time. If a product functions indefinitely, the company loses a lot of money. For instance, electric appliances once touted as lasting a lifetime are now designed to die at 10-15 years. These include washers, driers, fridges and stoves. On the other hand, today's makers of electronic vehicles claim to pursue development of an everlasting battery. Current lithium-ion batteries have the high energy density needed for an electric car. The average EV lithium ion battery is mandated to last 8 years or 160,000 km (100,000 mi), except in California. There, EV batteries must last 10 years or 150,000 miles. Despite a few problems, carbon-14 diamond batteries are a major step in sustainable lasting power sources. They're are a strong solution for devices needing long-term low-power electricity. Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Carbon Sequestration: Environmental Health Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins Carbon diamond batteries can also back up other power sources Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) navigate their environment using magnetic fields. They're found in a variety of saline and freshwater environments, and have specialized organelles to synthesize magnetic minerals. Magnetite (Fe3O4): Magnetic Mineral Nanotechnology: Nanoscale Power & Progress Lodestones: Natural Ferromagnetic Compass Organelles containing magnetic minerals form a chain through this bacterium About Magnetotactic Bacteria Magnetotactic bacteria are a diverse group of prokaryotic organisms. They lack a nucleus and other complex organelles. They can align and move along magnetic field lines, a phenomenon known as magnetotaxis. Microbial magnetic navigation functions with magnetosomes, intracellular organelles containing magnetic crystals. In aquatic environments they move through sediment, soil and water. In magnetotaxis the bacteria swim in the direction of magnetic fields. This helps them locate nutrient-rich areas and avoid harmful conditions. Oxygen molecules (O2) are paramagnetic, weakly attracted to magnetic fields.  Sulfur molecules are diamagnetic, meaning they'e weakly repelled by a magnetic field. Interaction of magnetic fields guides the bacterium in the desired direction. Creation of Magnetism in Rocks Gravity: Weather, Pollution & Ocean Tides Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space MTB can live well in setting low in oxygen as well as aerobic conditions. With a slight shift in metabolism, they can become anaerobes. Habitat Sediments: They inhabit sediment layers of lakes, rivers, and oceans, especially in areas with low oxygen levels. Water Columns: Some MTB species thrive in the water column, particularly in stratified water bodies with distinct oxygen gradients. Salt Marshes and Estuaries: These habitats, with fluctuating salinity and oxygen levels, provide a desirable environment for many MTB. They easily adapt to diverse ecological niches. In submerged wetlands, MTB are important to nutrient cycling. Extremophile MTB live in extreme locations, such as hydrothermal vents in the deep sea. Extremophile magnetotactic bacteria are also found in hot springs. They're isolated from thermophilic sites in Nevada and Oregon. Magnetic Fields & Space Travel Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Gravity: Celestial Bodies & Space Travel Hydrothermal vent, Atlantic Ocean Properties & Characteristics Morphology: MTB come in various shapes, including spheres, rods, spirals, and more complex forms. Most are rod-shaped or spiral and range in size from 0.5 to 10 micrometers. There are 1000 micrometers in a millimeter. Metabolism: Some are aerobic (requiring oxygen), while others are anaerobic (living without oxygen) and many are microaerophilic (preferring low oxygen levels). They use iron and sulfates as electron acceptors to live where oxygen is limited. Magnetosomes: These organelles are species-specific in terms of size, shape, number, and arrangement of the magnetic crystals they contain. Spacecraft Graveyard of the South Pacific Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Phytoplankton: Environment & Human Health Magnetite, a strongly magnetic mineral Magnetosomes contain magnetic iron minerals like magnetite (Fe3O4) or greigite (Fe3S4). The magnetism in these bacteria originates here. MTB synthesize magnetic minerals intracellularly in the magnetosomes. The bacteria uptake iron ions from their environment and convert them into magnetite or greigite crystals. Magnetosome alignment in the bacteria enables them to quickly respond to magnetic fields. In Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense , magnetosomes form long chains to improve the bacteria's orientation abilities. Bdellovibrio : Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria Brownian Motion: Physics & Phenomena Clean Rooms: Science & Technology Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense dividing Diet & Waste Products MTB's dietary habits vary depending on the species and environment. Some are heterotrophic, consuming organic matter. They rely on compounds such as fatty acids, carbohydrates, and proteins. Others are produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Common waste products include carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds, and nitrogen compounds. Excretions of magnetotactic bacteria facilitate sediment nutrient cycling. Their metabolic activities help break down toxic compounds, improving water quality in their habitats. Secret Lives of Sulfuric Acid Bacteria Deglobalization in the Modern World Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment Formation of Magnetosomes Formation process begins with the uptake of iron ions. Inside the bacteria, the ions crystallize into magnetic nanoparticles through biomineralization. In biomineralization, biological processes of living organisms guide formation and deposition of mineral materials. This creates composite structures such as bones, teeth, shells, and other hard tissues. The precise size and shape of magnetosomes are regulated to enhance magnetotactic behavior. Each little bacterium can have hundreds of magnetosomes. Evolutionary Advantage of Magnetism Magnetotaxis: By aligning with the Earth's magnetic field lines, MTB navigate towards their preferred microenvironments. Space Aerosols: Weather, Health, Ecology Treponema pallidum : About the Syphilis Bacteria Salmonella Bacteria: Science & Health Oxygen Gradient Navigation: In stratified water bodies, MTB use magnetotaxis to find the transition zone between oxic (oxygen-rich) and anoxic (oxygen-deficient) layers. Thus they can access oxygen for respiration while avoiding toxicity of high oxygen levels. Sediment Burial: In sediment environments, magnetotaxis can help MTB navigate towards deeper, more stable layers where they avoid disturbance from surface currents or wave action. Binary Fission & Magnetism MTB reproduce by binary fission . The magnetosomes are divided between the two daughter cells. This ensures both new cells inherit the ability to navigate using magnetic fields. Distribution of magnetosomes may not always be equal, with some variation in magnetic strength between the offspring. Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) Ideonella sakaiensis : Plastic-Eating Bacteria Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Facts About Magnetic Bacteria Over 20 genera of magnetotactic bacteria have been identified, each with distinct morphological and metabolic traits. Ecosystems : MTB are important in biogeochemical cycles, particularly in the cycling of carbon and iron. Their activities contribute to nutrient recycling and sediment formation, essential for healthy ecosystems. Research : magnetosomes from MTB are explored for nanotechnology applications, such as drug delivery systems. Sensory Adaptations : some MTB can also respond to gradients like chemicals and light. Habitat Indicators : presence of these bacteria in ecosystems is an important indicator of environmental health, defining sediment quality and overall ecosystem stability. Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins Streptococcus LAB: Lactic Acid Bacteria Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Lodestones are naturally magnetized. Primarily composed of iron oxide, they provide a key to understanding navigation and the Earth's magnetic field. Magnetite (Fe3O4): Magnetic Mineral Creation of Magnetism in Rocks Magnetic Fields & Space Travel Storm coming About Lodestones A lodestone is a piece of the mineral magnetite, also called magnetic iron ore. Magnetite is known for its strong magnetic properties. Lodestone attracts iron filings and other magnetic materials. The word "lodestone" comes from the Old English "hlod" and "stan," or "leading" and "stone," respectively. Lodestones are found throughout the world, primarily in igneous and metamorphic rocks, in regions rich in iron. Large deposits of lodestone are in countries like Norway, Canada, Austria, Mexico and China. Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Gravity: Weather, Pollution & Ocean Tides Laser Technology: How Lasers Work octahedral crystal of magnetite Magnetism Lodestones are ferromagnetic. Their powerful magnetic properties come from structure and arrangement of iron atoms within. The atoms align so their magnetic fields combine to form a strong stable magnet. Lodestones retain their magnetism over time. This characteristic sets them apart from synthetic magnets, which can lose their strength. Because of their reliability, lodestones are effective as compasses, stable even in hostile weather. To create a simple compass using a lodestone, a small part of the ferromagnetic mineral is suspended so it can rotate freely. Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend First Life on Earth: Microbes & Stromatolites Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities Lodestones help navigation in the Roman Republic and later The lodestone is mounted on a pivot or needle so it can spin, or hung by a thread. Once the lodestone is suspended, it naturally aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic field. The end of the lodestone pointing to the Earth's magnetic North Pole is the north-seeking pole of the compass, while the end towards the South Pole is the south-seeking pole. Aligning with magnetic poles, they give navigators direction. In ancient times lodestones are especially valuable for navigating treacherous waters or uncharted territories, where natural landmarks are scarce. Uric Acid: Kidney Stones & Peeing on Plants Calcite: Metal-Eating Bacteria to Coral Reefs Heavy Metals Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium & Arsenic Historical Use of Lodestones The ancient Greeks and Chinese both use lodestones to create simple compasses. An unknown Chinese investigator discovers an iron wire or needle can be magnetized by touching it to a lodestone. The needle take on the stone's magnetic properties or a short time. Chinese alchemists create devices called "south-pointing chariots" which use lodestones to indicate directions. They aren't for navigation, but in Feng Shui they help determine lucky and unlucky directions in a house. By the 14th century in Europe, lodestones are widely used for navigation, creating a surge in long-distance sea travel. Lodestones guide explorers like Columbus and Vasco da Gama. Sailing - Bronze Age Sails & Sailcloth Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients Pirates need lodestones to navigate Today, lodestones are still used in some navigation and scientific applications. They're largely replaced by more advanced technologies. The study of lodestones retains scientific value. Researchers explore these stones to gain insight into magnetism's principles and their uses in sectors like geology and engineering. Lodestones are also valued for aesthetic qualities. Collectors enjoy them, and they can be made into jewelry, other artworks and ornaments. Kaolinite: White Pigment with Benefits Stone Age Botai - First Horse People Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Han dynasty "south pointing spoon, fish or chariot" made of lodestone, used in Feng Shui Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Magnetite is a magnetic mineral found in diverse geological settings. Its strong magnetism is an predominant quality. Magnetite makes up 10% of the Earth's crust. It's used in ancient compasses and modern tech. Creation of Magnetism in Rocks Magnetic Fields & Space Travel Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment Magnetite crystal formations In humans, magnetite exists in the brain, heart, liver and spleen. Ion level imbalance can cause memory dysfunction. Abnormal concentrations are linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease. About Magnetite Magnetite is a black or brownish-black, opaque mineral belonging to the spinel group. It forms dark, metallic, and strongly magnetic crystals. They range in color from black to a rich brown, often with a shiny, metallic luster. Its name is derives from Magnesia, a region in ancient Thessaly (Greece) where it's first discovered. Magnetite is a common ore of iron, found in a variety of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Gravity: Celestial Bodies & Space Travel Space Aerosols: Weather, Health, Ecology Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Most iron is used to make steel. Carbon steel (above) is made of iron and carbon. It's found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, as well as sedimentary deposits. With hematite , magnetite is one of the primary ore minerals for iron. Formation of Magnetite Igneous: It crystallizes directly from cooling magma and is often concentrated in layered intrusions. Metamorphic: It forms during regional or contact metamorphism of iron-rich rocks. Gravity: Weather, Pollution & Ocean Tides Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend Hattusa Green Stone - Mystic Secrets Magma from volcanic action Sedimentary:  Magnetite precipitates from iron-rich solutions in sedimentary settings; its results from iron-rich waters undergoing weathering and erosion. It forms as detrital grains derived from weathering of pre-existing magnetite-bearing rocks. Magnetite can accumulate in riverbeds or lake bottoms as detrital grains. Biogenic: Some bacteria, known as magnetotactic bacteria, produce magnetite crystals intracellularly. These crystals can then be incorporated into sediments. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Chalcedony Gems: Secrets of Silicon Dioxide Carbuncle: Red Stone of Magic & Medicine magnetotactic bacterium with chain of magnetosomes Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) are widespread, motile, diverse prokaryotes. They biomineralize a unique organelle, the magnetosome. Magnetosomes consist of a nano-sized crystal of a magnetic iron mineral, enveloped by a lipid bilayer membrane. Magnetosomes enable the bacteria to sense and align with Earth's magnetic field. They use it to navigate and find preferred microaerophilic or low-oxygen environments. Magnetite also forms by hydrothermal process, whereby hot mineral-rich water circulates through rocks. Mineral deposits are found in hydrothermal veins of the Andes mountains, where magnetite crystals develop over time. Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore Mineral Oil: Technology & Ecology Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future Andes Mountains Scientific Properties of Magnetite Composition: 72% iron and 28% oxygen by weight Color: Black or brownish-black Streak: Black Luster: Metallic to dull Hardness: 5.5 – 6.5 on the Mohs scale Specific Gravity: 5.15 – 5.18 Melting Point: 1590 °C (2894 °F) Density: With a density of 5.2 g/cm³, magnetite is heavy compared to many other minerals, largely due to high iron content. Crystal System: Isometric (cubic), forming octahedral crystals and granular masses. It crystal system directly affects its magnetic behavior. Fracture: Uneven Tenacity: Brittle Magnetism: Strongly magnetic; sometimes exhibits polarity. In polarity an entity has two separate and opposing poles. These can either attract or repel one another. Magnetite is the strongest naturally occurring magnetic mineral. Inverse Spinel Structure  Magnetite has an inverse spinel structure, which contributes to its unique magnetic properties. Inverse spinel structures have a different cation distribution. Obsidian: Ancient Volcanic Black Glass Garnets - Gemstones of Blood and Life Carnelian - Gems of the Ancient World Magnetite clings to a magnet Cations are positively charged ions. A cations are larger and B cations are small. In magnetite, all the A cations and half the B cations occupy octahedral sites. The other half of the B cations occupies tetrahedral sites. An octahedral site is a type of interstitial site (or "hole") where an atom can reside, surrounded by six other atoms to form an octahedron. A interstitial site is a position within a crystal structure normally unoccupied by atoms or ions. It can be occupied by other atoms or ions. This is also a factor in electrical conductivity. Seven Precious Stones of the Ancient World Ruby, Rubies: Passion, Blood and Fire Baltic Amber in Folklore and Myth magnets generate electric current to power speakers In a tetrahedral site, the interstitial atom is at the center of a tetrahedron formed by four lattice atoms. Three of the atoms, in contact with each other, are in the same plane. The fourth atom is positioned symmetrically above them. This site has a specific geometry providing space for an interstitial atom. Magnetism Magnetite's magnetism comes from its unique crystal structure and the behavior of its iron atoms. Iron atoms have a magnetic moment due to the spin of their electrons. Seven Trace Minerals: Nature's Little Helpers Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Jet Black - Ancient World Gemstones A magnetic moment, or magnetic dipole moment, expresses the strength and direction of a magnet or any object or system generating a magnetic field. This indicates its inclination to align with an external magnetic field.  In most minerals, magnetic moments are random, canceling each other out. In magnetite, each iron atom has unpaired electrons. Unpaired electrons show magnetism, a phenomenon called paramagnetism. The unpaired electrons' magnetic moments align with an external magnetic field, causing a weak attraction.  Rhinestones: Sparkling Treasures of the Rhine About Crude Oil & Natural Gas Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Octahedral magnetite formation on feldspar Iron atoms occupy two different sites within the crystal lattice. This causes unequal distribution of magnetic moments and creates a magnetic field. Arrangement of iron ions enables strong interaction of the magnetic fields. Lodestones are natural magnets, exhibiting polarity. They attract iron filings and deflect a compass needle Ferromagnetic minerals maintain magnetism, even when an external magnetic field is removed. This property is used in modern technologies, including magnetic recording devices. High-strength magnets are used in everyday electronic devices, as in hard disc drives. They help create magnetic storage systems for digital data.   Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Greenstone, Scribes & Cylinder Seals Hard drive storage Iron & Rock Magnetism Magnetism comes from the alignment of atomic magnetic moments within a material. Iron is a crucial element for magnetism because it has unpaired electrons. This contribute to a strong magnetic moment. Other rocks with iron-bearing minerals, such as pyrrhotite (iron sulfide), or ilmenite (iron titanium oxide) are weakly magnetic. Degree of magnetism in a rock depends on concentration and alignment of magnetic minerals. Iron content is an important factor. Specific mineralogy and alignment of magnetic domains within the rock are equally influential. Magnetic minerals are classified into three categories. These are diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic. Lapis Lazuli: Vibrant Blue Gem of Ancients Zircon - the Primordial Gemstone Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Diamagnetic minerals are repelled by an external magnetic force, and may even levitate. It's the opposite of paramagnetism, in which objects are attracted to external magnetic fields, like magnets and fridges. Ferromagnetic materials like magnetite have overlapping magnetic domains aligning in the same direction when exposed to a magnetic field. Rocks of low iron content have weaker properties, seeming non-magnetic. Iron content determines a rock's magnetic behavior. Even a small increase in iron concentration can significantly enhance ferromagnetic traits in minerals. Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Turquoise: Precious Blue Green Stone of Ancients Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Iron oxidization: rust Uses of Magnetite: From Ancient Compasses to Modern Technology Ancient Navigation: Lodestones, naturally magnetic magnetite rocks, were used as compasses by ancient civilizations for navigation, particularly by the Chinese. Iron Ore: As a rich iron ore, magnetite is a primary source of iron for steel production.  It remains a primary iron ore for steel manufacturing, accounting for over 30% of global steel output. Heavy Media Separation: Its density allows it to be used in heavy media separation to separate valuable minerals from waste rock. Magnetic Recording: Magnetite particles are used in magnetic recording tapes and hard drives to store data. Medical Applications: Magnetite nanoparticles are used in targeted drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents and hyperthermia cancer treatment.   Sapphire Gemstones: Colors, Myths, Origins & Gemology Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison Environmental Remediation: Magnetite nanoparticles can remove pollutants from water and soil. Magnetite is used as a filtration medium to purify water. Facts about Magnetite Maghemite: Oxidation of magnetite causes formation of maghemite (γ-Fe₂O₃), another magnetic iron oxide mineral. Paleomagnetism: Magnetite crystals in rocks record the direction and intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the time of their formation, providing valuable data for paleomagnetic studies. The Magnetic Stones at Castle Frankenstein in Germany add to the site's mystic allure. The Castle is also rumored to have a fountain of youth. Environmental Contribution : Magnetite is important in soil formation and nutrient cycling, contributing to health and fertility of ecosystems. Chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂): Shining Copper Ore Glycerin (Glycerol): Darling of Cosmetics, Health & Science Goethite: The Other Iron-Rich Mineral Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Rocks hold within them hidden forces. While not all rocks are obviously magnetic, most carry a subtle magnetic field. It comes from their igneous creation or long exposure to Earth's magnetism. Magnetic Fields & Space Travel Chalcedony Gems: Secrets of Silicon Dioxide Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Magnetism comes from movement of electric charges. In atoms, electrons spin around the nucleus with "moments" of magnetism. When moments align in a specific direction, they add to the rock's overall magnetism. Minerals in rocks can generate or respond to magnetic fields. Types of magnetism include ferromagnetism, paramagnetism, and diamagnetism. 1. Ferromagnetic Minerals The most important minerals for rock magnetism are ferromagnetic, a class characterized by the ability to retain a permanent magnetic field even if the external magnetic field is removed. The most common include: Magnetite (Fe3O4) This iron oxide is the most strongly magnetic mineral found in rocks. Its cubic crystal structure enables alignment of electron spins, creating a strong magnetic moment. Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore crystalline magnetite Magnetite is among the most powerful magnetic minerals on Earth. With a high iron content, magnetite can retain its magnetic properties even after external magnetic fields are removed. It is commonly found in igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. About 10% of the Earth's crust is composed of magnetite. This mineral contributes to magnetic characteristics of many rocks. Maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) A closely related mineral to magnetite, maghemite is formed from magnetite through oxidation. Pyrrhotite (Fe(1-x)S) Pyrrhotite, an iron sulfide mineral, can show weak magnetic properties due to its unique crystal structure. Its magnetism varies based on composition, especially in volcanic or metamorphic rocks. Goethite: The Other Iron-Rich Mineral Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences brassy pyrrhotite crystals on milky quartz This mineral is golden or bronze and turns black on oxidization. It may contain gems like spinels. It's the second most common magnetic rock after magnetite. Hematite (α-Fe2O3) Hematite is also an iron oxide. While less magnetic than magnetite, hematite is common and can carry a weak magnetic signal especially in sedimentary rocks. magnetite hematite streak test - hematite is a prime component of red ochre It can be magnetized under particular conditions, as during the cooling of magma or formation through biological processes. In sedimentary rocks hematite forms from oxidation of iron-rich minerals, describing ancient climate conditions. 2. Rock Magnetization The way ferromagnetic minerals acquire magnetic properties depends on the rock's formation history and the environmental magnetic field present at the time. Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Gravity: Weather, Pollution & Ocean Tides dark shiny hematite Thermo-Remanent Magnetization (TRM) This is the most important process for igneous rocks. As molten rock cools, the ferromagnetic minerals align themselves with Earth's magnetic field. Below a specific temperature called the Curie temperature (around 578°C for magnetite), this alignment becomes "locked in." This preserves a record of the magnetic field's direction and intensity at the time of cooling. Volcanic rocks which can retain their magnetic signatures for over 250 million years. Chemical Remanent Magnetization (CRM) This happens when ferromagnetic minerals crystallize from solution or through chemical alteration at relatively low temperatures. As the crystals grow, they align themselves with the ambient magnetic field. They retain that magnetization even after the field changes. This is especially important in sedimentary rocks and products of weathering. Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun presence of magnetism can confuse a compass Detrital Remanent Magnetization (DRM) Common in sedimentary rocks, DRM occurs when magnetic grains, like magnetite, are transported by water or wind and settle into place. As they settle, they align themselves with the Earth's magnetic field. Alignment may not be perfect due to turbulence and grain interactions. Viscous Remanent Magnetization (VRM) This is a weaker form of magnetization occurring over long periods of time due to thermal fluctuations at room temperature. It can slowly overprint the original magnetic signal, important when interpreting older rock samples. 3. Factors Influencing Rock Magnetism Mineral Composition: The type and amount of ferromagnetic minerals present are the most significant factors. Rocks rich in magnetite tend to be more strongly magnetic than those containing only trace amounts. Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Carnelian - Sunny Gems of the Ancient World Magnetite rock clings strongly to a magnet Grain Size: Smaller grain sizes generally lead to more stable magnetization. Temperature: High temperatures can demagnetize rocks, erasing the historical magnetic record. Stress: Stress can also affect the magnetic alignment of grains, potentially altering or erasing the original magnetic signal. Time: Over geological timescales, chemical alteration and other processes can affect the magnetic properties of rocks. Silica (SiO2): Nature of Glass & Gems Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Megaliths & Building at Gobekli Tepe In addition to mineral composition and magnetization processes, geological activities significantly affect rock magnetism. Tectonic activity shapes and modifies rocks. Plate Tectonics The shifting of tectonic plates can change existing rocks, sometimes reorienting magnetic grains. When tectonic plates collide, they generate high pressure and temperature, triggering the metamorphic process. Volcanic Activity Volcanic eruptions, especially those with lava rich in basalt, create new rocks full of magnetic minerals. As the volcanic rocks cool, they capture the Earth’s magnetic field, giving insight into historical magnetic orientations. Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Seven Precious Stones of the Ancient World Sapphire Gemstones: Colors, Myths, Origins & Gemology Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Deglobalization is the diminishing of interdependence and integration of nations and the rise of national self-sufficiency. Globalization, once a driving force, erodes. The cycle happens since the birth of civilization. Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons Space Aerosols: Weather, Health, Ecology Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy Deglobalization refers to the gradual decline in economic, social, and political interdependence among nations. This trend contrasts with globalization, which emphasizes global connectivity. Instances of deglobalization are linked to economic recession, conflicts or shifts in national policies. In 2025 economic trade, investment, and cultural exchanges among countries continue to decline. Recent movements toward national sovereignty and protectionist policies show this shift. Geopolitical tensions, the rise of populism, environmental concerns and deteriorating trust in global institutions are major factors. Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Gravity: Weather, Pollution & Ocean Tides In 2020 the global trade volume falls by 6.5%, and years later has not fully recovered. Nations increasingly prioritize local rather than international interests. The shift in economic strategies shows how nations adjust priorities in response to changing dynamics. Economic Fragmentation & Geopolitical Tension Seeds of deglobalization are sown long ago, but recent geopolitical events accelerate the process. These include lasting repercussions of the 2022 energy crisis and the ongoing conflict in Eastern Europe. Super Alloys in Space Exploration Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future De-Orbiting Satellites: Problems & Processes Rising tensions in the South China Sea also expose vulnerabilities in relying on globally interconnected supply chains. Nations prioritize domestic production, secure access to critical resources and reduced dependence on potentially hostile nations. Reshoring & Friend-shoring Western nations like the US and EU member states actively incentivize companies to "reshore" production, bringing manufacturing back home. Simultaneously, "friend-shoring" is gaining traction. This prioritizes trade and investment with allies and nations sharing similar values, creating distinct economic blocs with limited interaction. Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Trade Wars & Protectionism The trade war initiated in the previous decade becomes a web of tariffs, sanctions and export controls. Nations increasingly use these to protect domestic industry, limit access to technologies and exert political pressure. Ongoing disputes over advanced semiconductor technology are a prime example, with nations investing heavily in domestic chip production and restricting exports to potential rivals. In 2025, threatened with high tariffs by the US, a semiconductor company in Taiwan hands over $100 billion. Part of this is for protection from the Chinese, who practice ever bolder war exercises around Taiwan. The US thanks Taiwan by smacking the country with 34% import tariffs anyway. China: Politics, Economy, Military & Modern Life Laser Weapons in Modern Warfare Nanorobots: Micro Robotic Tech, Ecology, Health Taiwan street scene As deglobalization takes hold, its economic ramifications are evident worldwide. The ongoing trade war between the US and China exemplifies the negative outcomes of diminished interdependence. Increased tariffs by US already cost an extra $831 per American family a year. 2025 tariff wars incited by the US further degrade its economy as nations like Canada, China and EU grow in autonomous strength. US threats of making Canada the 51st state, taking over Greenland and bombing Iran alienate allies and anger other world powers. Greenland comes together as a people with support of Denmark to fight back. Canada hits the US with auto tariffs which fracture the US automotive economy. Canadian "snowbirds", people who winter in southern states like Florida, sell their US homes and take their money elsewhere. Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) Gaza Strip: Cause & Effects of War Houthi War in Yemen: Politics & Motivations In the global economy, shifts in strategies are particularly prominent in sectors like agriculture, technology, and manufacturing. Countries reduce reliance on foreign supply chains. Nations push for local production. The level of self-sufficiency today has not been seen in decades. The ongoing trade war between the US and China sees tariffs rise up to 25% on imports. disrupting trade and provoking international tensions. Recently the US, with skillful lack of diplomacy, adds another 34%. Several countries including Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola and Bangladesh already tariff US imports in a bid to keep business at home. When the US hits them with "reciprocal tariffs" in 2025 it solidifies nationalist agendas. Iran: Perilous Power of the Middle East Oil Wars: A Global Power Play Water Pollution: Eight Countries in Crisis Rise of Nationalism & Populism Undercurrents of nationalism and populism, with economic anxieties and cultural grievances, reinforce protectionist policies. Governments under domestic stress tend to prioritize national interests over global cooperation. Nations implement policies hindering trade and cross-border investment. Re-emergence of strong national identities and questioning of international institutions further contribute to the fraying of global ties. Leaders in nations such Brazil and Hungary also embrace policies favoring national interests over collaboration. They rally public sentiment against globalization, viewing it as a threat to domestic jobs and local industries. Hungary notably removes itself from the ICC (International Criminal Court) to welcome the Israeli leader, who is facing arrest for war crimes. In Gaza, Israel launches fatal attacks on civilians, hospitals, schools and aid workers. Weapons of Mass Destruction: United States Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar In the US, Zionist informers point out people who denounce Israel for its blatant genocide, calling them anti-Semitic and pro-Palestine. In other news, massive US deportations target legal immigrants and students. The surge of nationalism complicates international alliances and undermines multilateral organizations. Countries focus on bilateral relations or regional partnerships instead of broader global cooperation. Technological Decoupling & Data Sovereignty The digital realm experiences its own form of deglobalization. Concerns over data security, privacy, and national security fragment the internet and invoke the rise of data sovereignty. The Splinternet: The concept of a unified, global internet decays. Governments enact stricter regulations on data flows, requiring data localization and censorship, creating distinct digital ecosystems. Pakistan: Ancient Cultures to Nuclear Power Rare Earth Elements (REEs): Science & Environment Fossil Fuels: Ecology & Economy Ongoing debate over the regulation of artificial intelligence and stringent data privacy laws in different countries further contribute to fragmentation. For example, the US puts tariffs on China for "intellectual property theft." Meanwhile, China's nationalism extends to domestic censorship including blockage of various websites, apps, and video games. This inspires the policy's nickname, the Great Firewall of China. Technological Nationalism: Nations invest heavily in their own tech capabilities. This aims to reduce dependence on foreign technologies and maintain control over critical infrastructure. Technological nationalism is particularly evident in areas like 5G, artificial intelligence and quantum computing. Several nations strive for global dominance. Spacecraft Graveyard of the South Pacific Spacecraft Re-Entry: Atmosphere & Aerosols Ideonella sakaiensis : Plastic-Eating Bacteria As of 2025 there is a significant digital divide. While some countries rapidly innovate, others lag behind. Deglobalization alters social and cultural dynamics. Decrease in global exchanges imparts cultural isolationism. As people function within national boundaries, global connections and worldly wisdom decline. Education programs, research collaborations, and cultural exchanges also drop. Nations tighten immigration policies. Problems of Deglobalization Proponents of deglobalization argue it fosters resilience and national security. A few consequences of a less connected world include: Reduced Economic Growth: Less trade and investment limit economic growth, reducing access to new markets, innovation, and competition. The slower-than-expected global GDP growth rate in 2024 and 2025 is attributed to increasing trade barriers and economic fragmentation. Earth's Atmosphere: Layers of Dynamic Design Human Microchip Implants: Pros & Cons Top 5 Countries of the Global Space Race Inequality: Deglobalization can accentuate inequality, as protectionist measures often benefit certain industries and elites at the expense of consumers and workers. The erosion of global value chains affect developing countries relying on exports for economic growth. Geopolitical Instability: Nations become more isolated and prone to conflict. Breakdown of international cooperation can impair efforts to address global challenges like climate change, pandemics, and poverty. Globalization can also affect space exploration. The International Space Station (ISS) is a microcommunity of European, Canadian, Russian, US and other astronauts working together to gain understanding of our world. China pursues its own successful space program. This raises concerns over who owns what in space, which international laws apply to situations such as space junk and increasing commercial interests, and whether borders exist high above the Earth. Electric Vehicles (EVs): Creation & Operation How Solar Panels Work Make an AI for Stock Market Analysis & Prediction Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Gaza Strip is a narrow territory bordering Israel, Egypt and the Mediterranean Sea. It's one of the most densely populated areas in the world and at the center of conflict and humanitarian crises for decades. Iran: Perilous Power of the Middle East Houthi War in Yemen: Politics & Motivations Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons About the Gaza Strip The Gaza Strip is a self-governing Palestinian territory, about 40k (25 mi) long and average 10k (6 mi) wide. It's one of the most densely populated areas in the world, home to over two million Palestinians. It has great strategic importance. The Gaza Strip is along trade routes and close to both Israel and Egypt. History of the Gaza Strip Ancient History: Gaza has been active since ancient times, ruled by various empires including the Egyptians, Philistines, Romans, and Byzantines. Famous Women of Ancient Rome Taiwan: Ancient Culture to Modern Economy Microchips: the Real World Power Flag of Palestine Arab Conquest and Ottoman Rule: In the 7th century, Gaza comes under Arab control and later part of the Ottoman Empire for centuries. British Mandate: Following World War I, the British Mandate for Palestine is established, encompassing Gaza. The Mandate gives Britain administrative control from 1920 to 1948. The goal is to establish a Jewish national home while respecting the rights of the Arab population 1948 Arab-Israeli War:  In 1948, the end of British rule and the establishment of Israel, the Arab-Israeli War brings over 750,000 Palestinian refugees into the Gaza Strip, which comes under Egyptian administration. They're expelled from their homes first by Zionist paramilitaries, and after Israel is formed, by its military. The influx of those seeking refuge plunges the region into crisis. Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles 1967 Six-Day War: Israel occupies the Gaza Strip during the Six-Day War, initiating a period of Israeli military governance. Oslo Accords: In the 1990s, the Oslo Accords try to establish a framework for peace between Israel and the Palestinians. The Palestinian Authority (PA) is granted limited self-governance over Gaza and parts of the West Bank. Hamas Takes Control: In 2005, Israel unilaterally withdraws its troops and settlers from Gaza. It keeps control over Gaza's airspace, sea access, and border crossings. In 2007, Hamas, a Palestinian Sunni-Islamic fundamentalist organization, seizes control of Gaza after winning the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections and subsequent clashes with Fatah, the dominant party within the PA. Fatah today is the largest faction of the confederated multi-party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the second-largest party in the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC). Citizen support is steadily falling. Scam Centers in Southeast Asia Regions of Extreme Heat: The Future is Now Iraq: Mesopotamia to Modern Middle East protest in support of Gaza The political situation creates strong governance splits between the West Bank and Gaza. Hamas is designated a terrorist organization by Israel and several Western nations. Hamas is funded by several countries. Israel allows Qatar to give hundreds of millions of dollars in aid through Hamas, and Hamas collects revenue by taxing imports. Iran provides around $100 million annually to Hamas and other Palestinian groups. Military conflicts arise notably in 2008-2009, 2012, and 2014. Each causes thousands of deaths and extensive damage to vital infrastructure, with over 2,200 people killed in 2014 alone. The military operations often stem from incidents like rocket attacks on Israel. Not surprisingly, this leads to retaliatory strikes, disproportionately affecting civilians. The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) conduct operations under pretext of neutralizing threats from Hamas. Hamas support rises steadily, at 41% in mid-2024, and figures for Fatah drop, at 17%. Cryptocurrency Scams: Goodbye, Money Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Origins of Conflict Territorial Disputes: The main issue is dispute over land and establishment of a viable Palestinian state. Palestinians claim Gaza, along with the West Bank and East Jerusalem, as their territory. The Israeli Blockade: Since Hamas takes control, Israel, supported by Egypt, has imposed a blockade on Gaza, restricting the movement of people and goods. Israel argues the blockade is necessary for security. It's ostensibly to prevent weapons from entering Gaza and being used against Israel. Critics argue the the blockade has severely crippled Gaza's economy, exacerbating widespread poverty and humanitarian crises. Uruk Mesopotamia: Forefront of Civilization Build a Basic Robot: Method & Materials Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar Hamas and Rocket Attacks: Hamas frequently launches rockets into Israel. These are often cited by Israel as a reason for military strikes in Gaza. Israeli Military Operations: In response to rocket attacks and other threats, Israel has launched several large-scale military operations in Gaza, causing many casualties and damage to infrastructure. Refugee Crisis: The large number of Palestinian refugees in Gaza, descendants of those displaced during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, contributes to the instability. Many refugees remain stateless and live in poverty, fueling resentment and despair. Natural Gas: The Palestinian Authority associated with Fatah is involved in extracting natural gas from Gaza offshore reservoirs, together with the Israeli and Egyptian governments. Natural gas is discovered in 2000, about 32 km (20 mi) off the shore of Gaza. Due to conflicts it's not developed. In 2023 the PA, Egypt and Israel move in and now have control of the gas field. natural gas for cooking PA and Israel get a cut of 27.5% each. 45% of the gas goes to Egypt for processing to be sold back to Palestine and other countries. The US and more would like to get a piece of that. Political Division: The division between Hamas in Gaza and the Fatah-led Palestinian Authority in the West Bank weakens the Palestinian cause and hinders progress toward a unified national strategy. Ongoing blockades by Israel and Egypt limit the movement of people and goods, creating a staggering unemployment rate of about 49% in 2022. Access to clean water is severely restricted. Effects of Extreme Heat on the Human Body How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice According to the UN reporting only 10% of Gaza’s water is safe for consumption. Many families, particularly those with young children, struggle to meet basic needs. Due to the blockade and its consequences the territory is often called an open-air prison. Gaza Strip borders are controlled by Israel and Egypt, along with a restricted fishing zone. Entry and exit by land, sea or air are not allowed. Nearly 80% of Gaza’s residents live below the poverty line. The youth, who make almost half the population, have an especially bleak economic outlook. Despite allegations of human rights violations, Hamas is seen as a way to end the conflict. Many believe military force is the only way to succeed against Israel and bring stability to Gaza. Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Vibrio Cholerae : the Cholera Bacteria Human Rights & Humanitarian Needs The conflicts are devastating for the people of Gaza. The blockade has severely hampered economic development, access to healthcare and basic necessities. Frequent attacks cause death, injuries, displacement and psychological trauma. The ongoing humanitarian crisis and the lack of peaceful resolution contribute to a sense of hopelessness and despair. In the Gaza Strip, drinkable water and wastewater sanitation are scarce. In July 2024 the Gaza Strip is designated a polio epidemic zone, especially in Khan Younis and Deir al-Balah. Food insecurity is at the brink of famine. Sewage, wastewater, and solid waste management systems and facilities fail. Informal dumpsites accumulate thousands of tons of solid waste, and untreated sewage discharges into the sea. According to the UN, 70% of Gaza's population needs humanitarian help. The international response to the Gaza Strip varies. Humanitarian organizations try to provide relief, but political solutions are elusive. Nations differ in their views on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, often influenced by broader political alliances. Botulism: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE As of March 24 2025, reported by Al Jazeera : "Israel’s relentless bombardment of Gaza continues, with at least 65 Palestinians killed in attacks across the Gaza Strip over the past 24-hour reporting period. Two Palestinian journalists have been killed in Israeli air strikes, including a reporter with Al Jazeera Mubasher whose car was blown up in northern Gaza." Protests begin March 26 against Hamas rule in Gaza after the most recent attacks on hospitals, food lines, the Red Cross and refugee camps. With death, disease, trauma and terror rampant, Gazans are desperate to end the war. Hamas finally accepts a peace offer by Qatar and Egypt. After this, Israel presents a counterproposal. When Hamas refuses, the bombs keep coming. anti-Hamas protest in Gaza Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top