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Beloved in gardens, gnomes bring blessings of Earth. Thought to dwell in underground tunnels, caverns, soil and rocks, chthonic gnomes emerge in Renaissance times. Held responsible for natural disasters such as rockslides, they can also bring wealth and prosperity. Mythical Gods of Ancient Germania Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Sun Goddesses of World Mythology The word gnome comes from Renaissance Latin gnomus . It's first used in A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits by Swiss polymath Paracelsus , published posthumously in 1566. Paracelsus rises to prominence as a physician, alchemist, lay theologian and philosopher of the German Renaissance. His discoveries are an important part of the medical revolution of the time. For such ideas as adding minerals to medicine, he's known as father of toxicology. Tannenbaum - About the Balsam Fir Tree Warrior Queen: Kriemhild of the Burgundians The Many Faces of Frau Holle Paracelsianism is the early modern medical movement inspired by the study of his works. He is admired in the Rosicrucian movement of the 17th century and has influence as a prophet or diviner. In the German Renaissance, Paracelsus also reintroduces opium to Western Europe. According to Paracelsus there are four elemental beings, each corresponding to major elements: Salamanders to fire; Gnomes to earth; Undines to water; and Sylphs to air. Paracelsus uses Gnomi (gnomes) as a synonym for Pygmæi (pygmies). He describes them as two handspans high and gives them the ability to move through solid earth as humans move through air. The term gnome is thought to come from Latin gēnomos (from Greek γη-νομος or "earth-dweller"). Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth German Myth - the Lutzelfrau German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root The gnomes of Switzerland are considered the reason for a disastrous landslide of 1618. They are pouring gold down a vein for the humans, but the humans get greedy. Upset, the gnomes destroy the village. In nature gnomes echo the concept of dwarfs and other chthonic figures. Unlike dwarfs who can stand the height of a human, the original gnomes are created small as described by their maker. By this time, dwarfs and elves already assume miniature stature in tales and literature. German Myth & Folklore: Dwarfs German Myth & Folklore: Elves Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants During the Renaissance the idea of gnomes catches on like syphilis , or the "French disease" but with a better reception. Paracelsus spends much time and energy trying to find a cure for syphilis. To treat it he recommended mercury in its inorganic compound form. Meanwhile gnomes found their way into literature and mythology. They appear in Pope's 'Rape of the Lock', a satirical work of the early 18th century. Soon they began popping up as house and garden spirits instead of wild earth beings. House spirits such as Kobolds and chicken entities play important roles in Germanic mythology. With their ties to the Earth, gnomes are at home in the garden. Unusual rocks are considered gnome stones, with mystical energies. German Myth & Folklore: Moss People Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Wolpertinger - German Myths & Folklore Gnomes first come into use as lawn ornaments in the 19th century. It's a passing fad, but a gnome resurgence after the Second World War has them grinning from gardens throughout the land. The first plastic garden gnomes allowed mass manufacture in the 1960's and 70's, and the little guys are modeled after the Seven Dwarfs prototype of Disney's Snow White (1937). Today this is a popular image of gnomes. As for Paracelsus, he looks further into medical research and study. His radical ideas are at first discouraged then outright banned. He dies in Salzburg at the age of 48. His legacy of science, medicine and gnome culture lives on. Chicken Soup: Chickens in German Folklore Sophie Brahe Writer, Alchemist & Astronomer Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Plato's Theory of Forms points to abstract, ideal forms or concepts more real than the world one perceives. Alchemy deconstructs the nature of existence. Analytical psychology explores the psyche and collective unconscious . They're all travelers on the same path. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Psychology: Understanding Archetypes Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Spiritual Magic - Numbers Three & Nine Sylvia Rose Books Plato's Theory of Forms and Jung's analytical psychology share a common thread with the ageless alchemical practices in the quest for deeper understanding of the Self and the universe, the collective unconscious and ultimate enlightenment. Alchemy aims to: discover or create a panacea to heal all disease find or formulate an elixir of life, to prolong life or make one immortal transform base metals into gold ( chrysopoeia ) It's not known when these goals come to be, or who decides what they are. During the late 14th century appears the first recorded goal of alchemy: "The philosophers stoon, Elixir clept, we sechen." (The philosophers' stone, Elixir named, we seek). Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Alchemy, Plato's Forms and Jung's analytical psychology create a vital force of reality transcending the limits of mortal acumen and ability. Patterns of synchronicity appear. The theory of Forms, proposed by philosopher Plato (c. 438 - 328 BCE), questions the nature of reality and perception. According to this concept, the perceived physical world is just a shadow or imperfect reflection of true reality, which exists in the realm of Forms. Animal Archetype: Mysteries of the Unconscious Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence Sylvia Rose Books Forms are the true essence of reality. Abstract, non-physical entities, they represent the ideal essence of all. Plato asserts the physical world is subject to change and imperfection, while the Forms are eternal, unchanging, and perfect. For example, the Form of Beauty represents the pure essence of beauty, while beautiful objects in the physical world are imperfect copies of this ideal Form. This corresponds to the psychological concept of the archetypes of Carl Jung (1875 - 1961 AD). Psychology: the Personal Unconscious Spiritual Alchemy: Concept of Tria Prima What is the Philosopher's Stone? Sylvia Rose Books The theory of Forms challenges perception of the physical world. Looking beyond the surface one discovers the underlying truths of the universe. This concept is also demonstrated in Plato's Allegory of the Cave . Application of archetypes appears in the Platonic concept of pure form. The practitioner seeks the essence and intrinsic nature of an object or idea. According to Plato, pure form represents the ideal, perfect version of something, existing beyond the physical realm. Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic Individuation: Process and Philosophy World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books By contemplating pure forms , one gains insight into universal truths and eternal principles shaping perception of the world. Plato's theory of forms, with emphasis on transcendent ideals, influences philosophical inquiry into the nature of existence and knowledge today. Alchemy first congeals as a concept and practice over two thousand years ago. Based in metallurgy and ancient medicine, alchemy is also a path to spiritual enlightenment. Spiritual Alchemy: Touching the Divine Common Archetypes & Spiritual Ascension Wolfsbane (Aconitum) Ancient Poisons Sylvia Rose Books Rising to a Golden Age in Greco-Egyptian Alexandria, alchemy seeks purity of substance and spirit, creating a bridge to the divine and transcending the impossible. Others crave immortality, making them vulnerable. In ancient China, First Emperor of the Qin  dynasty is so plagued by frauds he makes alchemists consume their own potions, then buries them alive to see if they work. In the end the Elixir of Life is the death of him. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Sylvia Rose Books Gold fever of monarchs and nobles empowers the search for the transmutation of base metals to gold or silver (argyropoeia). However it's difficult when the Pope bans alchemy in 1317 and English Henry IV passes a law against making or multiplying gold in 1404. Alchemists get around the law c. 40 years later, when Henry VI needs money for warmongering, and issues special licenses to alchemists. Nonetheless the Law of Multiplication isn't repealed until 1688. Alchemy Symbols in Psychology Magic of the Circle: Spirituality & Lore Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Sylvia Rose Books Thus many alchemists of the Middle Ages, including noblewomen such as Isabella Cortese , branch out into perfumery and cosmetics; pigment and dye making; attempts to find effective medicinal preparations and the ever-popular Elixir of Life. Isabella is famous for her book, the Secrets of Lady Isabella. In it she details alchemical experiments (called "secrets" in the Middle Ages), alchemy recipes and beauty treatments. Available to both rich and poor, the book is a sellout and leads to many imitations. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Women Scientists of the Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books “Many have said of Alchemy, that it is for the making of gold and silver. For me such is not the aim, but to consider only what virtue and power may lie in medicines.” -  Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus) 1493-1531 AD Paracelsus is the first to apply chemistry to medicine. He introduces the alchemy of plants, Spagyria. Living in Switzerland he theoretically solves the mystery of seismic activity in the Alps, attributing it to chthonic or Gnomic elements. They're popular today as garden gnomes . Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Sylvia Rose Books Like Paracelsus , analytical psychologist Carl Jung (1875 - 1961) seeks to understand the nature of universal forces. He also puzzles out his own mystic experiences. Treating his patients, Jung is also treating himself. He introduces the spiritual art therapy of mandalas . In alchemy a mandala or sacred wheel is a symbol for the journey of self transformation. The journey brings a person back to the beginning, but the second time around is more familiar. Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sun Goddess: Creator to Cannibal Myths Australia Quest for Immortality - Qin Shi Huang Sylvia Rose Books Spiritual Alchemy is entrenched in spiritual and psychological transmutation. Psychologists, physicians and philosophers explore realms of the unseen, hidden truths beneath the surface of reality. Mysteries of mind and secrets of universe exist in the nature of being. In essence, the connection between Plato's Theory of Forms, Jung's analytical psychology, and alchemy lies in their shared pursuit of knowledge, transformation, and transcendence. Each offers a unique perspective on the human experience and mysteries of the cosmos. Numinous: Beholding the Divine Spiritual Alchemy - Attuning the Self Archetypes - Personality & the Persona Sylvia Rose Books The Jungian psychology concept of an inherited unconscious predisposition, behavioral trait, or tendency known as "instinct" is a fascinating aspect of human nature. It probes into the collective unconscious, the hidden realm shared among members of a species. The archetype defines the essential qualities and attributes of a particular entity, stripping away any imperfections or variations found in the material world. This concept serves as a philosophical framework for understanding the nature of reality and its underlying principles. Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Archetypes: Psychology of the Shadow Sylvia Rose Books Instincts manifest through intricate thought patterns, images or impulses forming distinct narrative constructs within our psyche. Unlike personality traits, archetypes transcend individual interpretation. They're deeply ingrained in the collective human experience. Originating from the collective unconscious, archetypes are fluid and can overlap. Some archetypes like the persona and psychoid, or their symbols, occupy an area branching through the ego (consciousness) and extruding into the external world. Lucifer, Venus & Anti-Gods of Mythology Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Renegade physician Paracelsus is one of the most dramatic figures of the European Renaissance. Doctor, alchemist, astrologer, herbologist, he introduces Spagyria, the alchemy of plants, lectures in the language of the people, and emphatically burns the books of Galen. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Born Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim in Switzerland, Paracelsus (1493 - 1541) is far from a conventional physician of his time. Gifted with insatiable curiosity and intellect surpassing his peers, Paracelsus explores natural medicine and alchemy. He combines the two disciplines in a revolutionary manner challenging established beliefs and practice. His rebellious nature causes clashes with established medical traditions. Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Alchemy Tria Prima of Paracelsus: Three Primes Finding the Philosophers' Egg He refuses to lecture in Latin, delivering his talks in German so everyone can understand them, and wears peasant clothes instead of the esteemed robes of the university luminary. He's barred from lecturing in several towns, and develops an eager following. In 1516, he adopts the name "para-Celsus," meaning "above Celsus". This new name indicates his belief he surpasses the esteemed 1st-century Roman medical writer Aulus Cornelius Celsus. Modesty is not one of Paracelsus' strong points. German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root Arnaldus de Villanova: Medieval Alchemist Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants He vehemently opposes the Four Humors theory popularized by Galen (c. 129 - 216 AD), which continues to dominate the practice of medicine. Paracelsus knows healing cannot be achieved through the humoral theory. He argues for a more experimental and holistic approach, emphasizing the role of minerals, chemicals, natural compounds and the unique qualities of individuals in the healing process. He introduces chemistry into medicine. The Pseudos: Underground Alchemy Writers The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists “... Many have said of Alchemy, that it is for the making of gold and silver. For me such is not the aim, but to consider only what virtue and power may lie in medicines.” In Switzerland, Paracelsus takes long walks through the Alps, examining plants as he finds them, visiting secluded mountain towns to discuss their folk medicine techniques. Much of his botanical wisdom comes from these excursions. Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Screaming Swiss Spirit: Pfaffenkellnerin Besides Switzerland, Paracelsus travels extensively across Europe, immersing himself in different cultures and gaining knowledge from various traditions. His encounters with alchemical practices further enrich his holistic approach. His emphasis on observation, experimentation, and the integration of chemistry into medicine slowly gain traction, leading to the emergence of modern medical practices. In toxicology, he purveys the concept " the dose makes the poison ," an idea still held in pharmacology today. Wolfsbane (Aconitum) Monk's Hood: Ancient Poisons Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome Paracelsus demonstrates harmful substances can also heal when used correctly. He experiments with various toxins, ultimately prescribing mercury for syphilis, which rages unchecked through Europe. Nothing works until the advent of penicillin in the 20th century. He also invents gnomes . He develops a theory of gnomic elements causing the tremors, rumbles and rockslides in the mountains. These elements eventually find places in human gardens. Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Pretty Poisons: Holly, Yew, Mistletoe Poltergeist - Nastiest Noisy Spirit In alchemy, Paracelsus supports the concept of the tria prima, consisting of mercury, sulfur and salt. Mercury is the volatile, fluid, mutable substance, mostly female in principle; while Sulfur is hot, dry, male principle and combustible. Androgynous salt gives them both stability. Sulfur is anima, Sun, the soul; mercury spiritus, Moon, the spirit; Salt corpus, the earth, the body. According to the tria prima theory all matter is made of these three components. Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Central to Paracelsus's philosophy is a belief in the connection between human body and the cosmos. This comes from astrology, which he's expected to learn as a physician. Certain planetary arrangements and constellations affect human health as well as destiny. It's a concept similar to modern holistic approaches to health. In his alchemical studies, Paracelsus promotes the microcosm macrocosm theory, in that a human being is a microcosmic duality of the vast surrounding universe. Famous Women of Ancient Rome Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants What is the Philosopher's Stone? Strongly religious, he believes high moral character and dedication to God are required for successful practice in all aspects of life. Paracelsus asserts alchemy holds the keys to understanding health and disease. He has no interest in popular opinion. Paracelsus is a fierce critic of the academic establishment and is known to publicly denounce universities and their learned men. He famously declares, stamping down his walking stick for emphasis, "The good physician treats the disease; the great physician treats the patient who has the disease." White Herb of Maria: Ancient Alchemy Secrets Eirenaeus Philalethes: Alchemy & Death in Renaissance London Women Scientists of the Ancient World After the death of Paracelsus, his followers publish much of his work. A Pseudo-Paracelsus movement starts. Rising Rosicrucianism uses his ideas as fodder for mindset and imagery, filtering it through the mesh of untutored perception and dogmatic desire. While no members actually exist, the Rosicrucians have strong presence in the European Renaissance. Michael Maier writes about their ideals and Robert Fludd , a student of Paracelsus, takes up their symbol, the rose. Robert Fludd & Renaissance Medicine Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Both the colorful nature and strong medical advances of Paracelsus make him one of the most prominent figures of the European Renaissance. Sylvia Rose Books Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Three Primes or tria prima of alchemy come from renegade Renaissance physician Paracelsus. The tria prima are salt , sulfur and mercury . Each has a crucial role as it interacts with the others. The Primes exist in physical, metaphysical and psychological forms. Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Sylvia Rose Books Paracelsus is a pioneer in several aspects of the medical revolution of the Renaissance, including the physical and spiritual realms. Emphasizing the value of observation in combination with received wisdom, he's also credited as the father of toxicology. READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Swiss physician Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim takes the name Paracelcus in the 16th century. Physician, alchemist and astrologer, he rebels against theology and medicine, is barred from teaching, and lays the groundwork of modern science. Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Collective Unconscious: Seeking the One Colors of Alchemy: Citrinitas Solar Yellow His insights are gleaned from connection with a distant past, when the ancient Greeks define the elements of nature, and formulate the natural philosophies of elements such as sulfur and mercury. Islamic developments also have a profound effect on his writings. After the conquest of Greco-Roman Alexandria and Egypt in 641 AD, the center of alchemy and philosophic thought moves to the Caliphate. Islamic alchemists are intrigued by the mercury-sulfur duality and develop the basis for the later tria prima of Paracelsus. Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Tria Prima (Three Primes): Meanings World of Alchemy: A Little History In context of the Classical Elements , Paracelsus sees fire as the Firmament between air and water in the heavens. Paracelsus often uses an egg to help describe the elements. In his early model, he says air surrounds the world like an egg shell. The egg white below the shell is like fire because it embodies a type of chaos, allowing it hold up earth and water. Earth and water make up a globe which, in his egg analogy, is the yolk. The egg appears in the creation myths of ancient civilizations such as Egypt. Classic Elements & Concept of the One Women Scientists of the Ancient World Colors of Alchemy: White Albedo Purification From his study of the elements, Paracelsus adopts the idea of tripartite alternatives to explain the nature of medicines, which he considers composed of the tria prima, the First Three. Paracelsus establishes the mercury-sulfur-salt model in the West in his Opus paramirum dating to c.1530 AD. Followers, students and printers distribute the concept through the academic Western Renaissance world. Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Paracelsus asserts the principles sulfur, mercury, and salt contain poisons contributing to all diseases. He sees each disease as having three separate cures depending on how it's afflicted, where each is caused by variant toxicity of sulfur, mercury, or salt. Paracelsus draws the significance of sulfur, salt, and mercury from medieval alchemy, where they occupy prominent places. His theory is demonstrated by burning a piece of wood. He describes fire is the work of sulfur, the smoke as mercury and residual ash as salt. Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess According to Paracelsus, mercury, sulfur, and salt provide a good explanation for the nature of medicine as each of these properties exists in many physical forms. In spirituality and philosophy the tria prima defines the human identity. mercury - the spirit (imagination, moral judgment, higher mental faculties, mutable) sulfur - the soul (emotions and desires, combustible) salt - the body (physicality, substance, solid) Within this paradigm, by understanding the chemical nature of the tria prima , a physician can discover the means of curing disease. With every disease, the symptoms depend on which of the three principals cause the ailment. Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Paracelsus theorizes materials which are poisonous in large doses may be curative in small doses. This theory is practiced in modern and traditional medicine. Elements of scorpion or snake venom, bee stings or plant toxicology are found in today's treatments. Unconventional approaches by Paracelsus include the use of minerals and chemicals in medicine. The first to suggest this concept, he garners a reputation as both a visionary and heretic. His unorthodox style offends many and leads to banning of his lectures and work. What is the Philosopher's Stone? Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning After the 16th century AD , progressive sciences swerve to follow the work of Paracelsus, but the Four Humors theory prevails. It's not until the 19th century and the discovery of germs that the world of medicine takes a time trip. His theory of the tria prima is a foundational construct of alchemy and appears in the mysticism and medicine of today. The three elements correspond to body, spirit, soul or body, mind, spirit of holistic thought. He also invents gnomes . Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Nüwa: Chinese Primordial Snake Goddess Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Innovative Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus is strongly influenced by the 7 principles of Hermeticism and a holistic approach to medicine. Paracelsus asserts sickness and health in the body rely upon the harmony of humans (microcosm) and nature (macrocosm). READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy “... Many have said of Alchemy, that it is for the making of gold and silver. For me such is not the aim, but to consider only what virtue and power may lie in medicines.” -  Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus) 1493-1531 AD Paracelsus's approach to medicine revolutionizes understanding of the human body and its connection to the universe. By introducing the concept of specific mineral balances and chemical remedies to treat body ailments, he creates new perspectives on healing. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Hermeticism follows certain themes and natural principles in philosophy and health. Many of these date back to the Alchemical Golden Age of Alexandria in the early centuries AD and are associated with the Emerald Tablet . 1. Principle of Mentalism: "The All is Mind; the Universe is Mental." 2. Principle of Correspondence: "As above, so below; as below, so above." 3. Principle of Vibration: "Nothing rests; everything moves; everything vibrates." 4. Principle of Polarity: "Everything is dual; everything has poles; everything has its pair of opposites; like and unlike are the same; opposites are identical in nature but different in degree; extremes meet; all truths are but half-truths; all paradoxes may be reconciled." Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists 5. Principle of Rhythm: "Everything flows, out and in; everything has its tides; all things rise and fall; the pendulum-swing manifests in everything; the measure of the swing to the right is the measure of the swing to the left; rhythm compensates." 6. Principle of Cause and Effect: "Every cause has its effect; every effect has its cause; everything happens according to law; chance is but a name for law not recognized; there are many planes of causation, but nothing escapes the law." Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor What is the Philosopher's Stone? 7. Principle of Gender: "Gender is in everything; everything has its masculine and feminine principles; gender manifests on all planes." In medicine and chemistry, the hermetic seal comes from the early years AD. A hermetic seal is any type of airtight sealing. In Hermetic lore, the legendary Greco-Egyptian prophet Hermes Trismegistus invents the magic seal to make vessels impregnable by air or fumes. Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence The Pauli Effect - Quarks or Quacks? His analogy of humans mirroring the universe's macrocosm on a microcosmic level emphasizes the harmony between individuals and the cosmos. Paracelsus promotes the healing properties of plants, many taken from folklore and traditional natural healing. The doctrine of signatures, a key concept in Paracelsus's teachings, links the healing properties of plants to their resemblance to different body parts. Popular in Renaissance Europe, the concept is also found in medicine and magic of ancient civilizations. The Sex Demons - Incubus & Succubus Wandering Womb - Ancient Medicine Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Ebers Papyrus Paracelsus develops the idea in the west, writing: "Nature marks each growth ... according to its curative benefit." Through his work, Paracelsus emphasizes the need for individuals to strive for inner harmony and ethical living to ward off diseases of both body and soul. His view on anatomy goes past the physical structure of the body. He considers the influence of celestial bodies and the concept of poisons originating from the stars. Paracelsus's belief diseases can be treated with similar substances gives rise to the principle 'like cures like'. Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria Iron Age - Metallurgy & Metal Magic Within this belief system, nature provides clues to remedies needed for specific illnesses. Walnut ( Juglandaceae ) - looks like brain, used to treat headaches Bloodwort ( Sanguinaria ) - red roots, treats diseases of the blood Ginseng ( Panax ) - root resembles person; it's used as an overall curative; while roots are used in culinary and medicine, leaves and stems contain more phytochemicals Liverwort ( Marchantiophyta ) - leaves somewhat resemble the liver Lungwort ( Pulmonaria ) - spots on leaves resemble lung disease, used for respiratory conditions Pomegranate ( Punica granatum ) - it's also used as toothache cure as it looks like mouth & teeth Mandrake ( Mandragora ) - looks like person, narcotic, treats conditions throughout body; used in magic Eyebright ( Euphrasia ) - thought to resemble the human eye, taken for ocular ailments. Nicholas Culpeper assigns it to the Zodiac sign Leo, claiming it strengthens the brain. Herbology & Lore: Caraway Eye of Ra Egypt - Wrath of the Woman Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore Paracelsus incorporates local treatments and remedies into his work. He's the first to put forth the concept of curative properties of toxic or poisonous plants and animals. A lot will kill, but a little can cure. This idea is also found in ancient folk medicine. Paracelsus makes significant contributions to the understanding of intimate connection between microcosm and macrocosm. This theory, deeply rooted in both physical and spiritual realms, sees the human body as a reflection of the larger universe. Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Periwinkle: Magic & Medicine of Europe As an avid follower of Hermeticism, Paracelsus believes in the unity of the cosmos and the human being, emphasizing the intricate balance between the two. With the microcosm-macrocosm theory, Paracelsus examines physical and spiritual aspects of health. He sees a correlation between spiritual well-being and physical health. A harmonious existence within the self and with the universe is essential for overall health. This holistic approach encourages a morally upright life to prevent both spiritual and physical ailments. Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature Xanthosis, the Yellowing: Spiritual Alchemy Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Paracelsus' teachings of the microcosm-macrocosm theory influence modern approaches to holistic health. His insights into the interconnectedness of body, mind, and spirit convince him of the impact personal morality and spiritual alignment have on overall health. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Guar gum is recognized for its unique natural properties in visual arts and crafting. From enhancing textures to creating custom paints, guar gum or gum guar offers many creative possibilities. The light yellow powder creates a versatile gel. Mosaic Gold: Alchemy of a Forgotten Art Aromatic Cold Oil Infusions: DIY Alchemy Perfumes Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans This non-toxic gel can be used as a naturally sourced additive, adhesive, glaze or texture tool. Here's some background guar gum, its origins, historical significance, economic importance, and its comparative qualities with other gums, particularly gum arabica, and incense. What is Guar Gum? Guar gum is a natural polysaccharide derived from the seeds of the guar plant ( Cyamopsis tetragonolobus ). A hydrocolloid, it functions as a thickening agent, stabilizer, and emulsifier. When mixed with water, guar gum swells, creating a gel-like consistency. The ability to absorb water is the secret to its gel-like consistency. Guar gum in art supplies can enhance textures, glue materials, craft custom paints and coatings. Artists mix it with pigments to create smooth, sustainable paint, well adherent to surfaces. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Sodium Silicate: Alchemy of Water Glass It can be used for different artistic purposes. These include enhancing paint textures, improving fluidity of mediums, or as binding ingredients in homemade craft materials. In natural health guar gum is classified vegan. Guar gum is processed from the guar beans to yield a white to light yellow powder mainly composed of galactomannan, a polysaccharide contributing to the impressive absorption and viscosity of gum guar. It's commonly used in the food industry for thickening. Where Does It Come From and How Is It Harvested? The guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is primarily cultivated in countries like India and Pakistan, where the dry climate is well-suited for its growth. Harvesting is a step by step process. When the pods turn brown and dry, harvesters collect the seeds. DIY Perfume Artisans: Top, Middle & Base Notes Sacred Geometry: Insight to the Mysteries Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe After harvesting, the seeds undergo drying and milling to produce the fine powder for artists and crafters to use in projects. The guar plant thrives in warm, arid environments. India and Pakistan are leading producers, contributing approximately 80% of the world’s guar gum supply. The ideal climate in these regions accommodates the plant’s growth cycle for effective cultivation. Guar Gum History Guar gum's history spans thousands of years, with its earliest uses traced back to ancient India. Traditionally, the beans or seeds are ingredients in many regional dishes. In the 1940s its ability to stabilize and thicken food becomes widely recognized. Alchemy of Perfumes: Scents, Cologne, Rose Water Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes Etch Carnelian Beads Like It's Indus Valley 2500 BCE In the 20th century guar gum finds a place in various industries, including food production, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. In an environmentally conscious world its rise can be attributed to its eco-friendly properties and versatility. Over time, guar gum's applications spread to industries like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and textiles. Demand has surged in recent years. Is Guar Gum Suitable for Making Incense? Guar gum is a good binder, helping hold components together without chemicals. Guar gum also aids in achieving the desired texture and burn rate, making it suitable for both cone and stick incense. The natural composition of guar gum enhances the purity of handmade incense. Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 Decomposition Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Crafters looking for natural alternatives in incense recipes may find guar gum enhances the overall quality of products. As a binder in incense recipes, helping to hold together essential oils and other components. It creates a smooth uniform texture in the final product. Guar Gum Compared to Gum Arabic When discussing plant-based gums, guar gum is often compared to gum arabic (acacia gum), another popular natural thickener and emulsifier. While both gums share a common purpose, they possess distinct qualities that make each suitable for specific uses. Viscosity : Guar gum creates a thicker texture as it binds with water, whereas gum arabic yields a thinner, more flexible consistency. Heat Resistance : Guar gum is typically more stable under heat, making it favorable for cooking applications, while gum arabic may lose its properties when exposed to high temperatures. Flavor : Gum arabic has a neutral flavor and is often preferred in food and beverage formulations for taste applications, while guar gum can affect flavor profiles more distinctly. Human Methane: Meet the Microbes of Flatulence Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Gouache Painting: Artist Essentials & Art Tips In specific applications like slurry and gel-making, guar gum demonstrates superior performance due to its rapid water absorption. Studies indicate that guar gum can absorb up to 8 times its weight in water, yielding thicker and more stable textures compared to gum arabica, which works better in dry formulations. Economic Importance of Guar Gum With its wide-ranging applications, guar gum holds significant economic importance. The global demand for guar gum is high in the food industry, where it's a thickener and stabilizer in sauces, dairy, and gluten-free foods. Beyond culinary uses, guar gum is also essential in the oil industry for hydraulic fracturing and in the textile industry as a thickening agent in dyeing processes. Guar gum production supports thousands of farmers and contributes to local economies, particularly in India. Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History The global market for guar gum has expanded impressively, with estimates suggesting a valuation of over $900 million in recent years. As businesses and consumers prioritize sustainability, demand for natural products like guar gum is expected to increase. Facts About Guar Gum Non-Toxic Nature : Guar gum is food-safe, making it an excellent option for artists and crafters working with edible materials. Biodegradable : As a natural product, guar gum is eco-friendly and decomposes without harming the environment. Versatile Applications : Beyond its use in art, guar gum plays a significant role in industries like food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and cosmetics. Easy to Incorporate : Guar gum can easily be mixed with various mediums, including paint, resin, clay and inks. Water Retention : Guar gum has excellent water retention properties, beneficial in crafting projects where moisture control is necessary. Arsenic Trioxide: Paris Green Paint Pigment & Pesticide Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Status & Rights of Women in Imperial Rome Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Cupriavidus metallidurans has an extraordinary ability to prosper in toxic environments. Not only does it survive, it turns toxic metals into 24-karat gold. This tiny transformer eats harmful substances such as heavy metals like copper, nickel and chromium for breakfast. Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Mosaic Gold: Alchemy of a Forgotten Art Amoebae: Microbial Predators on the Move What is Cupriavidus metallidurans ? In alchemy exist mystic references to a Philosophers' Stone ( lapis philosophorum ), rumors of the Philosophers' Egg and demonstrations of Philosophers' Wool (zinc oxide ZnO). Now, in toxic waste dumps throughout the world, the bacterium philosophorum really produces gold. C. metallidurans is a gram-negative bacterium known for exceptional tolerance to a variety of heavy metals, including gold, arsenic, copper, chromium, nickel and cadmium. It's part of the Ralstonia genus of the Burkholderiaceae family. First isolated from a contaminated site in Belgium in the late 1990s, this remarkable rod-shaped microbe is under extensive scrutiny due to its unique metabolic pathways. This mysterious system allows it to process toxic heavy metals and release tiny nuggets of gold. Chloroauric Acid: Gold Salts & Extraction Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home Cupriavidus metallidurans is capable of thriving in copper concentrations five times higher than those tolerated by most bacteria. This ability makes it a crucial organism in bioremediation projects focused on restoring contaminated environments. C. metallidurans is predominantly found in industrial settings, such as mining operations, battery manufacturing plants and locations contaminated with heavy metals. The bacterium can be isolated from soil, sediments, and even wastewater in these areas. Its adaptability allows it to colonize environments lethal to most life forms, where it contributes to bioremediation of toxic waste. It's found in contaminated industrial sites, mining areas and waste disposal plants. Inhabiting soil and water, these bacteria turn toxicity into opportunity. Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans Great Advances in Chemistry 1600-1800 Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Image credit Like other bacteria, C. metallidurans acquires nutrients through the process of chemotrophy. It gets energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds. Its metabolism is particularly adept at breaking down organic matter and using metals, incorporating them into its cellular processes. C. metallidurans reproduces asexually through binary fission, where one cell divides to form two identical daughter cells. This process can happen rapidly, allowing the bacterium to multiply swiftly in favorable conditions. In terms of respiration, the bacterium can switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, making it versatile in various environments. In oxygen-rich conditions, it utilizes aerobic respiration, while in low-oxygen environments, it can revert to anaerobic pathways. Prussic Acid: Secrets of Hydrogen Cyanide Jan Baptist van Helmont: Renaissance Medicine Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Most organisms need organic materials for energy. Cupriavidus metallidurans  can metabolize inorganic substances like copper and nickel. It uses metals to generate energy, especially significant in environments where organic nutrients are scarce. Cupriavidus metallidurans mainly respires aerobically, which generates energy in the presence of oxygen. The bacterium reproduces through binary fission, a straightforward process where it divides into two identical cells. This rapid reproduction enables C. metallidurans to grow quickly in environments abundant in heavy metals, where competition for other nutrients is limited. Beyond ability to metabolize heavy metals, C. metallidurans has specialized mechanisms to detoxify its surroundings. Science of Alchemy: Hydrochloric Acid Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses It can sequester toxic metals within its cells, transforming them into harmless forms, effectively cleaning up the environment. The bacterium's ability to handle copper and gold in the soil is crucial. While both metals can be harmful in high concentrations, the bacterium has adapted to rely on copper for its survival. In the presence of excessive copper, the bacterium can trigger a specific enzyme, named CupA, to expel the surplus copper and maintain its health. What is the gold-making process of this bacterium? Perhaps one of the most fascinating aspects of C. metallidurans is its ability to produce gold nanoparticles. Researchers are studying the mechanisms behind this gold-making process. C. metallidurans uses specialized enzymes and proteins to bind and reduce heavy metals. Catalase: Unseen Enzymes Essential to Life Peracetic Acid: Origin, Reactions, Hazards Invisible World: Prokaryotes & Animalcules The Process When exposed to gold ions, Cupriavidus metallidurans reduces these ions to elemental pure gold. It uses specialized enzymatic pathways to facilitate the reduction and form gold nanoparticles. The bacterium, through its unique metabolic processes, produces visible, metallic particles of gold. The ejected gold appears as tiny, shiny particles scattered in the environment. It's visible, even through the bacterium itself is too small to be seen with the eye. The bacterium can produce gold nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 5 to 50 nanometers. The process takes a few days. This ability has sparked scientific interest and opened avenues in nanotechnology and sustainable mining practices. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Scientific Revolution Europe 1543-1687 Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Can it live outside toxic areas? Although C. metallidurans thrives in toxic environments, it's not exclusively tied to them. It can survive in less toxic conditions, but its growth and metabolic activity tend to slow down due to presence of other, aggressive organisms. In non-toxic settings, it may face competition from dominant microbial species. However, when reintegrated into environments with toxic levels of heavy metals, C. metallidurans quickly reestablishes itself with remarkable adaptability. While it can adapt to various environments, Cupriavidus metallidurans shines in ecosystems burdened by heavy metal pollution. Its remarkable survival strategies demonstrate that life can endure and even thrive in some of the most challenging conditions on Earth. Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Alchemy: Circulation & the Pelican Phantasy Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Other Gold-Making Bacteria spp. Recent studies led by CSIRO researcher, Dr. Frank Reith reveal the significance of bacteria in the formation of gold nuggets in Australia. Dr. Reith's study shows specific bacteria found on the gold grains are responsible for precipitating gold from solution. Through the application of molecular biology techniques, Dr. Reith detects a living biofilm on the surface of the collected gold grains. DNA profiling of this biofilm reveals 30 bacterial species with populations distinct to the gold grains in comparison to the surrounding soils. Notably, one particular species was consistently found on all DNA-positive gold grains from both locations, identified as Ralstonia metallidurans (obs.) aka Cupriavidus metallidurans  through DNA sequence analysis. Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Practical Alchemy of DIY Perfumes & Aromas Facts about Cupriavidus metallidurans Tolerance: C. metallidurans is resistant to a wide range of heavy metals, including lead, cadmium, and gold. Bioremediation Potential: Its natural ability to detoxify hazardous substances makes it a potential biological agent for cleaning up contaminated environments. Nanoparticles: The bacterium's ability to produce gold nanoparticles is being studied for applications in nanotechnology and medicine. Genomic Insights: Researchers have sequenced its genome, revealing genes responsible for metal resistance and metabolic adaptability. Versatility: C. metallidurans can metabolize many substrates, including organic compounds, making it versatile in nutrient acquisition. Global Presence : Cupriavidus metallidurans is found worldwide, particularly in areas affected by mining, industrial waste, and metal processing. Biotechnology Applications : The process of producing gold from toxic compounds has opened new pathways in nanotechnology, presenting innovative ways to recover precious metals from waste. Sustainable Mining Potential : Ongoing research explores the use of Cupriavidus metallidurans in bioleaching processes, which help extract metals from ores more sustainably. Role in Ecosystem Restoration : Beyond its industrial value, Cupriavidus metallidurans contributes to ecological restoration by converting harmful pollutants into safer substances. The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Sodium Silicate: Alchemy of Water Glass Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Mosaic gold is also known to alchemists as aurum musivum or aurum mosaicum due to its mottled formation. Forgotten in the data fields of time, mosaic gold is once used by artists for bronzing and gilding, especially wood and metal, beloved for its enchanting shimmer. Flowers of Sulfur (Brimstone): Creation & Uses Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen What is Mosaic Gold? Mosaic gold, or bronze powder, is mainly the compound tin(IV) sulfide or stannic sulfide. It appears as a yellow, scaly crystalline powder. Its shimmering quality makes it desirable for bronzing and gilding, especially on wood and metal surfaces. Mosaic gold is one of the inorganic pigments, along with Prussian Blue , Paris Green and the enigmatic Purple of Cassius. Its luster enhances a colorful spectrum of arts and crafts, where aesthetic richness is harmonized through natural and synthetic pigments. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Sulfur-Mercury Theory: Alchemical Philosophy Practical Alchemy of DIY Perfumes & Aromas Historically, the term mosaic gold also describes techniques such as ormolu, from French or moulu (ground or pounded gold). Ormolu is the process of gilding bronze objects with a mixture of high-carat gold and mercury, and also refers to objects finished in a similar manner. The mercury vaporizes from the object in a kiln, leaving a fine hard gold plating. This same practice appears among the ancient Romans, who brush a substrate with a mix of gold and mercury, then heat the substrate until the invisible mercury vapors drift away, sort of. Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Alchemy of Perfumes: Scents, Cologne, Rose Water For some centuries, mosaic gold maintains a revered status among artisans and alchemists. Alchemists view mosaic gold as a compound with potential. Along with tin purification, pigment making is an alchemical pursuit. Mosaic gold is also a term used for thin gold sheets cut into squares and used in Byzantine mosaics. In this case it's actual gold, not stannic sulfide. Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God The Making of Tin(IV) Sulfide & Mosaic Gold Alchemists prepare tin(IV) sulfide by combining mercury, filed tin, sal ammoniac, and sublimated sulfur ( fleur de soufre or flowers of sulfur ). The tin can be purified first if needed. According to the experts tin(IV) sulfide is non-toxic but may cause skin irritation. Wear gloves. These ingredients are ground and mixed together, and set for three hours in a sand bath. The mercury evaporates and vapors are dangerous if inhaled. When the sublimate is taken off, aurum mosaicum is found at the bottom of the matrass. Metal Smelting & Metallurgy in the Ancient World Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature Distillation in Alchemy: Ancient Process & Equipment When heated to 580 °C, the tin(IV) sulfide transforms into this distinct golden yellow pigment sought by artists, a shimmering powder. The pigment is not only valued for its ethereal tone but also for its light interaction, enhancing depth and texture in art and architecture forms. Mosaic gold is often used during the Renaissance as artists seek to evoke feelings of grandeur and divinity. Famed artist Giotto is known to use mosaic gold to enhance the celestial feel in his work, connecting the divine with the earthly. Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Care and Feeding of Your German Kobold Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Due to toxicity of elements it's not recommended (and probably illegal) to make this pigment. Do not mess with mercury. The pigment influences scientific practices as well, due to its enhancement of light. Early microscopy uses powders such as mosaic gold to enhance visuals. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Tin purification is important to various alchemical practices, and a fundamental step in many recipes and formulas. In alchemy purified tin is a regular ingredient in asem , a metal alloy used to multiply silver or gold . To purify tin in ancient times, various methods are used. Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Tin Trade Routes - Ancient Networks How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Tin has a low melting point, which allows for the easy separation from impurities and other metals. By melting tin, impurities are easily removed, ensuring a higher level of quality in the final product. Purification techniques and information are from c. 250 AD (Leyden Papyrus). Ingredients and processes are used by metallurgists and alchemists of the time. Many methods can be adapted to modern day. Purification of tin is an essential craft of alchemists. Tin Mining in the Bronze Age c 3300 - 1200 BCE Cypriot Copper & Ancient Cyprus Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Tin has a melt point of 232 °C (450 °F) and can be softened, melted or smelted in a regular fire. Average fire temperatures: Orange flames range from around 1100 °C to 1200 °C (2012 °F to 2192 °F) White flames are hotter, measuring 1300 °C to 1500 °C (2372 °F to 2732 °F). The brighter white, the higher the temperature. Blue flames, or flames with a blue base, are up to twice at hot, with temperature approximately 2500°C to 3000°C (4532 °F to 5432 °F) Violet flames burn hotter than 3000 °C (5432 °F) Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Khet, the Body: Death Rites of Ancient Egypt Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Purifying Tin - Boiling Method In ancient alchemy, one fire-refining method for tin is basic concentrated boiling. In this process, impure tin from the smelter or liquation furnace is heated in vessels or kettles agitated by compressed air, such as a bellows mechanism. Impurities rise to the surface as dross. The earliest forms of compressed air tools, dating back to c. 2000 BCE, are metalworkers' bellows to smelt and forge the ores needed for metal working. Before steam and electricity the bellows can be powered by humans, hand or treadle, horse power, or by a water wheel. Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Numerology: Number Meanings & Personality Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Tin is a versatile metal with many uses. One of the seven metals of antiquity , it's commonly sold in the form of ingots or pigs. They're typically bars or blocks of refined or purified tin. Ingots show up as early as 3000 BCE. Ingots are standardized forms, making them easier for manufacturers to handle, trade and transport. The process of producing metallic tin involves several stages, with most of the production taking place at specialized smelters and refineries from antiquity until today. Ox Hide Ingots - Bronze Age Trade Casting the Bones - Astragalomancy Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld The buildings are near mines to streamline supply chain and reduce transportation costs. At the smelters, the raw tin ore goes through a series of refining processes to extract the pure metal, which is then cast into ingots. Liquation Method Liquation is a method of fire-refining, specifically tailored for the purification of impure tin and dross resulting from smelting operations. The primary aim of this technique is to isolate impurities with higher melting points than tin itself. Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Egyptian Alchemy - Power of Eternity The metals or materials are put on an inclined hearth in a reverberatory furnace. A reverberatory furnace is a metallurgical or process furnace. It isolates material being processed from contact with fuel, but not from contact with combustion gases. Materials reach a temperature marginally above the melting point of tin. As the temperature intensifies, the tin begins its transformation to a liquid state, gradually trickling down the inclined surface of the hearth. Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Alchemy & Seven Hermetic Principles Molten tin is collected in a container, separating it from the solid residues of the hearth's surface. These solid remnants are then removed and subjected to further processing to extract any remaining elements and enhance overall purity of the tin. Fire refining can use vacuum distillation. Molten tin is heated in a compact graphite container at elevated temperatures from 1,100 to 1,300 °C (2,000 to 2,375 °F). The process involves application of a vacuum to selectively distill impurities, based on individual boiling points. Cupellation: Alchemy Process of Metals Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent The Great Library of Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Chloroauric acid H[AuCl4] is a yellow solution created in the 18th century. A gold(III) salt, chloroauric acid is an innovative compound, and the gold can be recovered. Gold salts are used in medicine, for example to treat rheumatoid arthritis, and in science and industry. Science of Alchemy: Alchemical Innovations Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate Chloroauric acid is first synthesized in the late 18th century by chemists exploring the chemistry of gold. By this time alchemy has fallen out of favor and is demonized by new generations of scientists. "Chrysotherapy" and "aurotherapy" are the applications of gold compounds to medicine. The medicinal effects of gold come under the microscope at the end of the 19th century, when it's discovered gold cyanide defeats the tuberculosis pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This compound is primarily used in organic synthesis and is important to the production and recovery of gold. This era marks the beginning of understanding gold's complex behaviors when combined with halogens. Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Early chemists such as Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829) begin to look further into the complexities of gold chemistry. Davy is also credited with discovering clathrate hydrates. These are chunks of solids resembling ice with holes usually containing gasses. In 1799, Davy experiments with nitrous oxide and is astonished at how it makes him laugh. He nicknames it "laughing gas" and writes about its potential as an anesthetic to relieve pain during surgery. Danish chemist Hans Christian Ørsted also significantly contributes to the study of gold compounds. Over time, his research helps clarify the properties and applications of chloroauric acid. Artisan Perfumery: Four Degrees of Fragrance Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Powder of Algaroth: Antimony Oxychloride Purgative Properties of Chloroauric Acid Chloroauric acid exhibits several notable properties: Chemical Formula: H[AuCl₄] Appearance:  Bright yellow to orange crystalline solid in its anhydrous form, and a yellow solution in water. Melting Point:  Approximately 230 °C for the anhydrous form. Solubility: Highly soluble in water, forming an acidic solution Acidity: Acts as a strong acid, releasing protons in aqueous solutions Stability: Generally stable, but can decompose under extreme conditions such as high temperatures or significant reductions. Oxidation State:  Gold is in the +3 oxidation state, essential for many reactions. Practical Alchemy of DIY Perfumes & Aromas Amoebae: Microbial Predators on the Move 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life How To Recover Gold from Chloroauric Acid The recovery of gold from chloroauric acid involves several steps, most commonly through a reduction process. Here’s an outline of the procedure: Introduce a Reducing Agent:  Sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) or another reducing agent like zinc powder is added to the chloroauric acid solution. Formation of Gold Precipitate:  The reducing agent converts the gold ions back to metallic gold, which precipitates out of the solution as a metallic solid. This produces about 90% of the gold available in the solution. Filtration:  The solid gold is then filtered out from the liquid. Washing and Drying:  The precipitates must be thoroughly washed to remove any residual chemicals and dried. Melting:  Finally, the recovered gold can be melted down for further use. Electrochemical Methods of Gold Extraction:  In this technique, an electric current is applied to the solution, causing gold ions to deposit onto an electrode. This method can achieve a gold recovery rate of over 95%. Each method requires careful handling due to the potential toxicity of some reagents. Prussic Acid: Secrets of Hydrogen Cyanide Great Advances in Chemistry 1600-1800 Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Facts About Chloroauric Acid Toxicity: Chloroauric acid can be toxic and must be handled with care, using appropriate safety equipment and procedures. Color Indicator: The intensity of the yellow color in chloroauric acid solutions is indicative of gold concentration; deeper shades often suggest higher concentrations. Synthetic Uses: Researchers are exploring synthetic pathways using chloroauric acid for creating novel materials and catalysts. Symbolic Use:  Gold has long been associated with wealth and luxury, which enriches the allure of chloroauric acid in various cultures. Color Variation:  The bright yellow hue of concentrated solutions is often utilized as a visual cue in many chemical processes. Research Impact:  The study of chloroauric acid has initiated exploration into gold-based pharmaceuticals, influencing a deeper understanding of the unique properties of gold. Nicolas Flamel: Creation of an Alchemy Legend How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Aromatic cold infused oil is a rich artisan tradition of culture and the art of allure. This ancient form of perfume-making connects people to nature and the world of scents in unique ways. Discover the essence of infused oils, benefits and a detailed DIY guide to make your own. Artisan Perfumery: Four Degrees of Fragrance Practical Alchemy of DIY Perfumes & Aromas Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature What are Cold Infused Oils? Infused oils are traditional perfumes concentrated from natural botanical ingredients into a scentless or fragrant oil. Oil infusions can have rich and complex fragrance profiles, often from flowers, herbs, spices, bark and other natural sources. One can also make hot infused oils by simmering plant parts in hot oil. This can degrade fragrances and is more often used in cuisine. Shelf life is short and mold can be a problem. Not all plants are suitable. Garlic's not recommended due to possibility of toxins if not consumed immediately. Rosemary and chiles are good. Unlike synthetic perfumes, infused oil uses traditional techniques to extract the natural essence of its ingredients. This yields a rich and long-lasting fragrance. Infused oil of roses maintains a scent for over 12 hours, whereas many traditional perfumes fade sooner. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients DIY Perfume Artisans: Top, Middle & Base Notes Alchemy of Perfumes: Scents, Cologne, Rose Water Oil-based scents last longer than those based in alcohol but hot or cold have a shorter shelf life. Scented oils represent luxury and sophistication. During the Islamic golden age, trade in aromas increases, with exchange of techniques and materials from diverse regions. Scents Used in Cold Infused Oils Creating infused oils involves blending various scents derived from natural sources. Infusions can be a beauteous monophony of a single fragrance note or a clever blend of aromas. DIY Perfumes & Cosmetics: Ancient Medieval Distillation in Alchemy: Ancient Process & Equipment 12 Steps to the Magnum Opus: Ripley Scroll Some popular fragrance notes include: Floral Notes : Rose, jasmine, and orange blossom are cherished for their sweet, romantic scents. A blend of rose oil can evoke feelings of romance and serenity. Herbaceous and Green Notes : Ingredients like basil, mint, and vetiver provide freshness and earthiness. Spicy Notes : Ingredients such as saffron, cardamom, cinnamon and cloves add warmth and depth. Woody Notes : Sandalwood, cedar and agarwood (oud) offer grounding, rich, and long-lasting fragrances. Sandalwood is sometimes used as a sole ingredient. Resins and Balsams : Frankincense and myrrh are popular for a mystical ancient allure. As always do not buy myrrh unsniffed. From some sources it can smell rank, musty or moldy. Alternatives include styrax, benzoin, Peru balsam, balsam fir, amber and Copahu balsam. Antimony (Stibnite, Kohl) Ancient Metal of Science & Beauty Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science DIY Process for Making Cold Infused Oils Creating your cold infused oils at home can be a rewarding and creative experience. It's great for personal expression and / or business and trade. Here's a simple step-by-step guide to making cold infused oils: Ingredients: 1 cup of carrier oil such as jojoba, sweet almond, grapeseed, hemp or coconut. Oils can impart their own unique scents into the profile. Almond is an overall favorite. Hemp has grassy notes, and grapeseed is almost scent-less. Dried flowers or herbs for added infusion Essential oils - bought or made Note: the absolute easiest way to do this is simply add a few drops of essential oil into a small bottle of preferred carrier oil, blend, let stand a few days for scents to mature, and it's done. If warmed for massage it can be used right away. Now back to the manual labor. Yarrow (Achillea) Magic & Medicine German House Spirits: Beer Donkey (Bieresel) Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Tools: Glass jars or small bottles A dropper for measurement Fine mesh strainer or light-weave fabric Steps: Infusion: Start by placing dried aromatic materials in a glass jar and cover them with a carrier oil. Add essential oils now or when organic materials have soaked a while. Seal the jar tightly and place it in a warm, dark place for 1-2 weeks. Shake the jar gently each day to help expedite the infusion. Some scents take up to 3 months to release. Straining: Once infused, strain the oil to remove the solids, leaving the purified fragrant infused oil. Post-Blending (Optional): If desired, add a few drops of essential oils to enhance or modify the scent profile. Bottling: Pour the infused into small glass bottles, and label them. Let the infusion rest again for a few days. Done. Great Advances in Chemistry 1600-1800 Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans What are the Benefits of Infused Oils? Infused oils have numerous benefits, both fragrant and therapeutic: Natural Fragrance : Because oil is free of synthetic additives, it's suited to those with sensitive skin or allergies to commercial perfumes. Aromatherapy : Many ingredients in infused oils have calming and mood-enhancing properties, making them excellent for reducing stress and improving emotional well-being. Cultural Significance : In many cultures, infused oil is often used in spiritual rituals and religious ceremonies, enhancing the connection to divinity, tradition and heritage. Sustainable Alternative : DIY infused oil encourages the use of locally sourced and sustainable ingredients, promoting a more eco-friendly approach to fragrance. Long-Lasting Fragrance : Oil content allows the scent to last significantly longer than alcohol-based perfumes. Personal Expression : Crafting artisan oil infusions encourages expressive individuality, allowing modification according to mood or occasion. Versatility : Oils can be applied on pulse points like wrists, neck, or behind the ears, enhancing its scent release throughout the day. Art of Layering : Infused oils can be combined with other scents to enhance the overall fragrance experience or use a single select note. Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Edelweiss: Alpine Flower of True Love DIY alchemy perfumes and oils provide sensory pleasure and tap into a practice rich in history and culture. Creating infused oil is as fulfilling as the fragrance itself. It promotes personal expression and deeper connection to nature. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The alchemy of perfumes goes back thousands of years. Here are the practical aspects of perfumes in ancient and medieval times, how they're made, traded and used for beauty, health and spirituality. Alchemy of Perfumes: Scents, Cologne, Rose Water Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature Distillation in Alchemy: Ancient Process & Equipment How Perfumes are Made in Ancient & Medieval Times Components The ingredients used in ancient and medieval perfumes are sourced from nature. They're popular on land and maritime trade routes with India, Africa, China and the New World. Common elements include: Flowers : Roses, lilacs, and jasmine provide lovely fragrances. Resins : Frankincense (Boswellia) and benzoin (styrax) add depth and longevity. Avoid myrrh except in religious or death contexts as it can have a musty odor reminding one of old graves. It has spiritual connections to death and divinity. Try before buying. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Myrrh - Mystique, Death & Divinity Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs Wood:   Valued for its warm scent, cedarwood is enjoyed as a base note in perfumes and contributes to lasting fragrances. Birch is a light pleasing scent with woody undertone. Sandalwood is also popular. Roots: Vetiver is a grassy woodsy scent like a forest meadow. Ginger and turmeric give a bright zing. Carrots are sweet, light and little bit earthy. Spices : Cinnamon and clove contribute warmth and exotic notes. Saffron adds a deep leathery note with honey-like sweetness. Vanilla is an excellent base note. Spices can be ground and heated with other oils such as olive, or cold infused. Here's a quickie for star anise: The essential oil, active ingredient trans-anethole, is extracted from star anise spice with direct steam distillation method. This technique involves generating steam by heating a mixture of ground dry spice material and water in the distillation flask. 10 Ancient Spices of Trade, Health & Beauty Artisan Perfumery: Four Degrees of Fragrance DIY Perfumes & Cosmetics: Ancient Medieval Essential Oils or obtained through steam distillation, enfleurage (pressing flowers), or cold press methods, these concentrated essences formed the base of many fragrances. Cold pressing can be done in a mortar with pestle (labor intensive); a manual press or other power-driven cold press apparatus. ... the production of rose oil involves steam distillation. Steam permeates the petals, allowing fragrance to be captured in a pure and pleasant form. It ultimately yields a potent oil with alluring scent. Turmeric (Curcuma longa): Ancient Uses & Medicine Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Basic Ancient & Medieval Processes The crafting of perfumes in ancient times was a meticulous process involving various techniques: Extraction : Ingredients are crushed and soaked in oils (infusion) or distilled with water. Citrus is best as a cold press or infused oil as heat degrades the fragrance compounds. Blending : Different scents were combined in specific ratios to create unique perfumes, a process akin to alchemy where careful consideration was given to achieve harmony. Aging : Similar to fine wines, some perfumes were aged to allow the ingredients to meld and mature, enhancing their aromatic complexity. In medieval period advancements in these techniques develop. Perfumers in Persia and the Italian Renaissance further refining the craft, leading to richer and more vibrant scents. Powder of Algaroth: Antimony Oxychloride Purgative Baltic Amber - Gold of the North 12 Steps to the Magnum Opus: Ripley Scroll Early medieval Persian physician Ibn Sina (Avicenna) is instrumental in development of attar or ittar, an essential oil derived from natural sources and water. He successfully creates attar of flowers. Most commonly these oils are extracted via hydrodistillation or steam distillation. DIY Process to Make Your Own Perfume Ingredients Essential Oils : Choose a combination of top, middle, and base notes for balance (e.g., citrus for top, floral for middle, and musk or vanilla for base). See: DIY Perfume Artisans: Top, Middle & Base Notes Carrier Oil or Alcohol : Jojoba oil, grapeseed, olive, almond, or neutral spirits like vodka can be used as a base. Oils can bring their own scent as well. Alcohol evaporates on skin, leaving the essential scents. Distilled Water  (optional): To dilute the fragrance. Glass Bottles for mixing and storage. Invisible World: Prokaryotes & Animalcules Scientific Revolution Europe 1543-1687 Cinnamon - Spice Trade of Ancients Steps Choose Your Scents:  Designate top, middle, and base notes. A basic ratio could be 30% top notes, 50% middle notes, and 20% base notes. Start Mixing:  Begin by adding base note essential oil into the glass bottle 30%. Follow middle note 50% and finish off with top note 20%. Combine Carrier Oil or Alcohol:  Fill the rest of the bottle with your chosen carrier oil or alcohol, leaving some space at the top. Shake and Rest:  Gently shake the bottle, and allow it to sit in dark place for a few days to a week so the scents can meld together. Test and Adjust:  After the perfume rests, test the result and modify proportions as necessary for future experiments. Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Antimony (Stibnite, Kohl) Ancient Metal of Science & Beauty Typically, these perfumes are stored in containers of glass or ceramic. Today spray bottles, roll-on and other applicator styles are popular. This alchemical process uses the principles of natural science to produce elegant fragrances. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top