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Kakia in Greek mythology represents vice and moral corruption. Her name directly translates to wickedness. She relates to darker aspects of human behavior. The dichotomy between Kakia and goddess Arete exemplify the eternal struggle between vice and virtue. Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Kakia's Character and Representation Kakia is a personification of moral decay and vice. She embodies vanity and superficiality, with an emphasis on outer beauty while neglecting inner virtues. Her revealing clothing further symbolizes a disregard for modesty and ethical conduct. As the antithesis of Arete, who represents the ideal of excellence and moral integrity, Kakia portrays the consequences of a life devoid of virtue. Where Arete inspires individuals to strive for greatness, Kakia embodies the temptations leading one to stray from the path. Cyrene: Huntress Queen of Greek Myth Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods Great Cormorant: Wild Birds & Mythic Beasts chocolate temptation This duality reflects the ancient Greeks' understanding of the human condition. Ethics are a constant philosophical concern. In life, individuals are constantly faced with choices which can either elevate them or lead to depravity and the depths of the moral abyss. Arete Arete is the concept of excellence and a goddess of virtue, goodness, valor and glory. She is a descendent of Poseidon. Her name literally means "virtue". She relates to a person or thing's full realization of potential or inherent function. Arete also refers to excellence in moral virtue. Arcadia - Greek Lands of Ancient Gods Mythology: Gods of Mycenean Greece Eileithyia: Birth Goddess of Ancient Greece She's often a duo with her sister Homonoia, a minor goddess of concord, unanimity, and oneness of mind. Together they're the Praxidicae or 'exacters of justice'. Homonoia's opposite is Eris (Strife), who is famous for causing discord among the Goddesses with a golden apple, ultimately starting the Trojan War. Kakia's Origins and Family In Gnostic tradition, Kakia is the offspring of the first angel and Authadia, or Audacity. In Hellenistic Greek, Authadia (Authades) is equated with Yaldabaoth, the Gnostic Demiurge or evil creator. The Archon Authadia appears as a lion-faced figure or monster. Gnosticism: Five Essential Gnostic Principles Gnosticism: Gnostic Ways of Thought Zosimos of Panopolis: Father of Alchemy Yaldabaoth, the Gnostic Demiurge In religious traditions with a dualistic perspective on the cosmos, like Gnosticism, angels can be seen as celestial entities governing realms through which a soul must pass to liberate itself from the constraints of material existence and join with the divine. Kakia's siblings are Zelos (competition), Phthonus (envy), Erinyes (fury), and Epithymia (lust). They each represent different facets of human vice, and their characteristics can combine, overlap and entwine. Zelos / Zelus (Competition / Emulation) Zelos embodies the fierce competitive spirit, and how it can drive individuals to unethical behavior in pursuit of recognition and superiority. He personifies dedication, emulation, eager rivalry, envy, jealousy, and zeal. Silvanus: Roman God of Wild Lands & Fields Ancient Greek Cultures: People of Minos Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Competition He's honored at the ancient Greek Olympic games. The English word "zeal" comes from his name. While Zelos is considered a sibling of Kakia, his parents are also given as goddess Styx and the Titan Pallus. Phthonus (Envy) Envy harms relationships and creates a hostile emotional environment. Phthonus personifies the destructive nature of envy, and its path to bitterness and resentment. He's especially related to romantic envy. In myth he reveals Zeus' affair with mortal Semele to Hera, indirectly causing the death of Semele. Stymphalian Birds & Greek Heroics Rise of Pan: Fertility Goat God Péh₂usōn Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg He's also related to the fallout of envy including anxiety, fear, feelings of abandonment, delusions and harmful acts toward self or others. Erinyes (Fury, the Furies) The destructive power of uncontrolled emotions, fury emerges in personal and social conflicts. Erinyes is associated with vengeance, rage and the darker emotional responses to perceived wrongs. She's often portrayed as a group of women. Another origin story of the Erinyes has them born of drops of blood when Titan Cronus castrates his father Uranus and throws his genitalia into the sea. From the sea foam is born the Goddess Aphrodite (Venus). Erinyes - Vengeful Women of Ancient Greece Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Orestes, pursued by the Furies, goes mad after killing his mother - William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1862) Epithymia (Lust) Lust represents unchecked carnal desire, and its potential to cause moral and relationship turmoil. She embodies the dangers of surrendering to carnal instincts and neglecting responsibilities, duties or promises. She delights in sexually transmitted diseases, such as gonorrhea, known to the Greeks by the time of Hippocrates (460 - 375 BCE). Lust is rarely alone, often found with other disreputable figures such as Envy. Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Sinope: Poison, Honey, Greeks & Clay Gallu (Galla) Demons of Ancient Kur Kakia in Ancient Society As a goddess of vice Kakia also represents societal anxieties regarding moral decay and the consequences of abandoning virtue. Ancient Greek culture strives for excellence and honor, and the embodiment of vice in Kakia is a warning against the seductive nature of temptation and the perils of losing oneself in hedonism and immorality. Kakia and Arete’s contrasting personas demonstrate the struggle between vice and virtue. This age-old conflict encourages a person to resist Kakia’s tempting allure and embrace the ideals embodied by Arete. Chaoskampf: Order & Chaos Battle Out Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Lotan - Chaos Sea Dragon of Ugarit Many tales surround Kakia, specifically the repercussions of succumbing to her influence. The best known is her attempted temptation of Heracles, offering him a life of prosperity without work, while Arete offers power and glory but emphasizes hard work. Those drawn to her bounty often face significant emotional turmoil, including regret and dissatisfaction. Kakia is a powerful symbol of humanity's internal struggles with temptation and ethical failure. Aufhöcker - Cursed Undead of German Myth Sublimation & the Aludel: Medieval Alchemy Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Bona Dea, the "Good Goddess," has a special place among ancient Roman deities. Her mysteries are only for women. Goddess of fertility, chastity, healing and protection of the Roman state, she represents a blend of religious practices, gender and social structures. Famous Women of Ancient Rome Poppaea Sabina: Child Bride to Roman Empress Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Her worship gives insight into the complexities of women’s rights and societal roles in Rome, especially during the Republic (509 - 27 BCE) in its later years. She's a Great Goddess, and represents the Earth Mother archetype and qualities seen as admirable in women. Historical Context: Women in Roman Society The importance of Bona Dea is emphasized by the broader societal framework of ancient Rome. Roman women, particularly those of the patrician class, are primarily defined by their roles as wives and mothers. Wandering Womb - Ancient Medicine Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Their responsibilities revolve around managing the household and raising children. They have little direct influence in political or public spheres. Republican Roman society restricts women to domestic roles, with limited access to property ownership or legal assistance. From c. 200 BCE on, women begin to assert their presence in public and religious life more boldly. Th e lex Julia and lex Papia Poppaea law s of the first century BCE grant women greater independence regarding property and inheritance. Despite this, women continue to be seen as dependents, with an identity primarily linked to familial roles. The domus , or household, is generally where women work, managing family life and associated economic activities. Silvanus: Roman God of Wild Lands & Fields Nanaya - Goddess of Erotic Love Despoina - Goddess of the Mysteries While they have minimal political power, women can strongly influence their husbands or sons and contribute to critical decisions. In religious life, women are permitted to serve as priestesses and participate in ceremonies, but often under strict conditions. Despite, or because of these limitations, worship of goddesses like Bona Dea, whose mysteries are forbidden to men, helps women develop and explore spiritual, social, sexual, communal and/or individual facets of identity. Kakia: Greek Goddess of Vice & Abominations Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy The Mysteries of Bona Dea Bona Dea's origins can be traced back to Magna Graecia, a region in Southern Italy heavily influenced by Greek culture. Her festival on Dec 3rd involves drinking, dancing, sacrifice, praises and wild celebration. In the Republic rituals occur annually on the Aventine Hill, at a site sacred to the Goddess. They are designed to promote fertility, chastity for married women, and healing. The rituals of Bona Dea illustrate tensions between social restrictions, spiritual and personal empowerment. Status & Rights of Women in Imperial Rome Great Women Artists - Käthe Kollwitz Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Bona Dea's mysteries are secret and exclusive to women. This provides a rare opportunity for women to participate in use of strong wine and offering of blood-sacrifice, which are typically forbidden. And of course, the orgies. The term orgy originates from Greek orgia , referring to rites in honor of deities like Dionysus, god of wine, madness and theater, whose worship centers on renewal of nature. Mystery cults are exclusive to initiates who pledge to keep their secrets. Orgiastic rites are not necessarily sexual. Shrouded in enigma and not well understood, they're ecstatic and intense ceremonies structured to achieve a state of frenzy or collective trance. Lammašaga: Sumerian Angel Goddess Drude: Germanic Demon of Darkness The Sex Demons - Incubus & Succubus An early Greek mystery cult for women is that of Despoina , a Horse Goddess, one of the ancient deities of Arcadia. She's the daughter of fertility goddess Demeter and sea god Poseidon in his horse aspect, and later becomes cognate with Persephone. By taking part in the mysteries, women express freedom in context of a patriarchal system. For instance, the emphasis on chastity for married women reflects strong societal ideals of woman as provider of legitimate heirs. Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Slaves Unchained: Freedmen of Ancient Rome Gender and Religion The worship of Bona Dea reflects the complex interplay of gender, religion, personal and political power in ancient Rome. While women's roles are limited in public and politics, participation in a strong mystery cult gives a revitalizing sense of freedom and belonging. Bona Dea acknowledges the significance of women's experiences, whether fertility, health or sexuality. She brings clarity to dreams and insight into the mystic or supernatural worlds. The cult of Bona Dea illustrates a paradox in Roman society. While women are often marginalized, the state recognizes their importance in maintaining the social balance. Women's rituals for Bona Dea are believed to contribute to the well-being of the state. Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Sacrifice of the Male: Temple at Uppsala  While priests dominate public worship, the cult of Bona Dea offers Roman women a rare space to exert influence. The officiation of her mysteries is organized by women, giving them uncommon authority. The respect of men for her rituals shows awareness of women's sacred spaces. Roman men recognize certain rites as powerful and even dangerous. Should one man enter this space he dooms himself and his entire community. After the festivities, the women return to their husbands and fathers, who breathe a collective sigh of relief, and life goes on. Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Women Scientists of the Ancient World Cyrene: Huntress Queen of Greek Myth Between 20 and 17 BCE, founder of the Roman Empire Augustus implements the Lex Iulia Theatralis to organize seating for social classes in theaters, amphitheaters, and circuses. Senators receive seats closest to the events. They're followed by knights, military personnel, married men, boys and their teachers, non-citizens, and plebs. Augustus prohibits women from attending public spectacles. These regulations are applied throughout the Empire. In the 1st century AD power comes into the hands of ambitious, ruthless Roman women like Messalina , Agrippina the Younger and Poppaea Sabina . 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Bacteria and archaea are the oldest life forms on Earth. Both defined as prokaryotes , they are fundamentally different in several ways. These organisms are important to ecosystems and human health, with specialized traits evolving over billions of years. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: Life Forms on Earth Rotten Egg Sulfur Smell: Microbial Processes Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home Definitions Bacteria Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms characterized by their prokaryotic cell structure. A prokaryotes lacks a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. These organisms are found in nearly every environment on Earth, including the human body. Bacteria exist in various shapes, including: Spheres (cocci) Rods (bacilli) Spirals (spirilla) One of their remarkable traits is their ability to reproduce mainly through binary fission. Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction where a one-celled organism or mother cell splits into two daughter cells, each containing one copy of genetic material. Difference Between Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life First Life on Earth: Microbes & Stromatolites Bacteria have essential function in ecosystems, human health and industrial processes. Most are beneficial or neutral to humans, with a few pathogens such as Salmonella or overgrowth of normally helpful organisms. An estimated 100 million - 1billion bacteria can fit into one standard-measure teaspoon of soil (c. 5 ml). In soil several bacteria are vital for fixing nitrogen, as in breaking it down into forms like ammonia compounds, easily available to plants. Calcite: Metal-Eating Bacteria to Coral Reefs Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Bdellovibrio: Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria Valerian, an ancient medicinal plant Archaea Archaea, like bacteria, are single-celled prokaryotes, but their habitats can be very different. Archaea are often found in extreme environments, such as hot springs, salt lakes, and deep-sea vents. Archaea have the ability to withstand high temperatures and acidity. Although this is a defining factor in their differences, with more research scientists discover archaea are present in nearly all habitats, such as soil, oceans, and wetlands. They're especially prevalent in the oceans, with archaea in plankton among the most abundant groups of organisms on Earth. Pyrococcus furiosus : Extremophile of Vulcano Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld Archaea body parts There are no well-defined examples of archaeal pathogens or parasites. Instead, archaea typically exist as mutualists or commensals. Methanogens, which are methane-producing strains, reside in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and ruminants, and aid digestion. Methanogens are also used in biogas production and sewage treatment. Biotechnology takes advantage of enzymes from extremophile archaea due to their tolerance of high temperatures and organic solvents. Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength Ammonia: Formation, Hazards & Reactions Evolution Both bacteria and archaea emerge around 3.5 to 4 billion years ago, making them the oldest life forms on the planet. While they share a common ancestor, the evolutionary paths of bacteria and archaea diverge early in geological time. Bacteria adapt to a wide range of environments, leading to their extensive diversity. In contrast, archaea evolve unique metabolic pathways and adaptations to prosper prolifically in extreme conditions. Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Vulcano: Child Miners, Gods & Extremophiles Bacteria body parts As per the theory of endosymbiosis, eukaryotic cells evolve from a symbiotic relationship between bacterial species. This cooperative effort assigns different functions to groups of cells, much as single-celled fungi like yeast can form a functionally multi-cellular organism. Recent genetic analysis reveals archaea are more closely related to eukaryotes (organisms with complex cells, including plants and animals) than they are to bacteria. For instance, the DNA replication processes in archaea are closer to those in eukaryotes. Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Silvanus: Roman God of Wild Lands & Fields 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine DNA chips Differences and Similarities Differences Cell Structure Bacteria typically have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, whereas archaeal cell walls are made of unique molecules like pseudopeptidoglycan or other polymers. Membrane Lipids The lipid composition of cell membranes differs significantly; bacteria have fatty acid chains, while archaea possess ether-linked lipids, which provide stability in extreme conditions. Genetic Material The genetic material in archaea is organized more like that of eukaryotes, with similar mechanisms for DNA replication, transcription, and translation, while bacteria exhibit simpler mechanisms. Genetic sequencing indicates that ribosomal RNA in archaea is more similar to eukaryotes than to bacteria. This further supports theories about their evolutionary relationship. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses GI Yeast Hunter: Bacteroides thetaiotomicron Silent Destroyers: Microbes of Concrete Corrosion similarities & differences Similarities Size and Shape Both bacteria and archaea are generally similar in size, ranging from 0.1 to 15 micrometers, and can take on various shapes, including spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), and spiral (spirilla). Reproduction Both reproduce asexually through binary fission, a process where one cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Metabolic Diversity : Both groups exhibit a wide range of metabolic capabilities, allowing them to use different substrates for energy and survival. Microbial Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis The Unseen World: Protozoans in Nature Algae in Glass Houses: Diatomaceous Earth Acetobacter , vinegar producing bacteria Functions in Nature Bacteria and archaea are important in maintaining ecological balance and supporting life on Earth. Their functions include: Nutrient Cycling Both groups are crucial for biogeochemical cycles, such as the nitrogen cycle, where certain bacteria and archaea convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants ( nitrogen fixation ) and decompose organic matter, returning nutrients to the soil. Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health Killer Yeast: Assassins of the Microworld Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty Processes like nutrient cycling and nitrogen fixation support the entire food chain. Healthy plants provide nourishment for animals. When animals die, whether one-celled like amoebae or with 30 trillion cells, like humans, their physical bodies nourish the Earth. Symbiosis Many bacteria form symbiotic relationships with plants, animals, and humans. For instance, gut bacteria in humans aid in digestion and the synthesis of certain vitamins. Bioremediation Certain bacteria and archaea can metabolize pollutants and contaminants. Scientists ascertain their potential for environmental cleanups such as toxic spills. Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine Fungal Biofilms: Ecology of Biofilm-Producing Molds & Yeasts Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Achaea Pyrococcus furiosus Primary Production Some archaea, like methanogens, are involved in the production of methane in anaerobic environments, creating an energy source in certain ecosystems. The archaean Methanobrevibacter smithii lives in the human colon and produces methane, which exits the body as gas. In human health, beneficial bacteria known as probiotics support GI tract health and enhance digestion. A balanced GI microbiome can improve the body's immune function by as much as 70%. Digestive health is also essential for mental health, promoting good feelings. Microbes: Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Protozoa, Fungi & Viruses The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen Facts About Bacteria & Archaea Ancient Organisms : Bacteria and archaea are among the oldest living organisms on Earth, with some lineages dating back over 3 billion years. Extreme Survivors : Some archaea, such as halophiles and thermophiles, can survive in environments with extreme temperatures, pressures, and salinities. Bacteria such as Thiobacillus, Thiothrix , and Beggiatoa can produce sulfuric acid. See: Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation . Human Microbiome : The human body is home to trillions of bacteria, outnumbering human cells by a factor of ten. This complex microbiome is important to health, influencing metabolism, immunity, and even mood. CRISPR Technology : The CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology, which has revolutionized genetics and biotechnology, is derived from a bacterial immune system which protects against viral infections. Biofilms : Bacteria can form biofilms, complex communities of microorganisms adhering to surfaces. Biofilms are found in natural and artificial environments, including pipes, medical devices, and natural water bodies. Extreme archaeans such as Pyrococcus furiosus also produce biofilms to modify their environments. Yeast and some other fungi can produce fungal biofilms to create or sustain anaerobic habitats. Microscopic Size, Mighty Impact : The cumulative biomass of bacteria and archaea on Earth is estimated to surpass all plants and animals combined. Bacteria alone can decompose up to 90% of organic matter in various ecosystems. DNA Insights : The unique DNA organization in archaea, similar to that of eukaryotes, offers clues about the origins of multicellular life and could reshape understanding of evolution. Methane Production : Methanogens are important to various ecosystems and are studied for potential for biofuel production. Bacteria and archaea are fundamental to life on Earth, influencing ecosystems, health, and technological advancements. As exploration of microbiology progresses, the traits and functions of these microbes express the complex connections of life on Earth. Amoebae: Microbial Predators on the Move B. Linens  Bacterium: Big Cheese of B.O. Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash or washing soda, is prominent across various industries for millennia. It's used in ancient and Renaissance alchemy, Egyptian embalming, glass making, household and modern scientific applications. Hydrogen Peroxide: Chemistry, Production, Risks Salt in Alchemy: Alchemical Uses & Lore How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Sodium Carbonate What is Sodium Carbonate? Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) is an inorganic salt consisting of sodium ions (Na⁺) and carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻). It appears as a white, odorless powder or crystalline solid. Sodium carbonate has a range of pH-dependent properties, making it useful in applications where chemical adjustments are necessary. It has a high solubility in water and exhibits alkaline properties, making it useful in numerous chemical reactions. Sodium carbonate naturally forms in mineral deposits and is also manufactured industrially, resulting in various grades for different applications. Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Secret Lives of Sulfuric Acid-Eating Bacteria Reduction in Chemistry: Gaining Electrons Evaporated salt lake, Chad How is Sodium Carbonate Made or Formed in Nature? Sodium carbonate often occurs in nature often as the mineral trona (Na₃H(CO₃)₂·2H₂O), which reveals itself in salt lake deposits. The mineral is created through natural evaporation of water from lakes and oceans, along with the presence of sodium and carbonate ions. Another natural source is the mineral natron . It's a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). Over time, various geological processes contribute to formation of the minerals, which can be mined and processed for industrial use. Sodium carbonate is also found as mineral deposit nahcolite. Nahcolite is another mineral prevalent in saline lakes and alkaline soils, where evaporation leads to a concentration of sodium and carbonate ions. Biofilm: Metropolitan Microbes of People & Planet Oxidation: Metabolism & Essential Molecular Action Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Nahcolite The industrial Solvay process is a common method for creating sodium carbonate. The process reacts sodium chloride (table salt), ammonia and carbon dioxide in water, creating a synthetic form. The Solvay method accounts for about 80% of sodium carbonate production globally. How Does It Occur in the Environment? Sodium carbonate is present in several environmental contexts. The most notable occurrences are found in arid or semi-arid regions where evaporation ponds and alkaline lakes are common. These environments allow for high concentrations of dissolved sodium and carbonate ions, fostering the crystal growth of trona and natron. Sodium carbonate can also be found in groundwater, particularly in areas with sedimentary rocks that contain sodium-rich minerals. Sacred Geometry: Insight to the Mysteries Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe groundwater (art) In such settings, sodium carbonate solutions can influence the chemical equilibrium of the surrounding ecosystem. Alkaline lakes and soda lakes, rich in sodium carbonate, support unique organisms adapted to high-pH conditions. Geological formations can trap sodium carbonate. This results in deposits formed over thousands of years as groundwater interacts with minerals. When Is Sodium Carbonate Discovered and First Used? Sodium carbonate has a long history, dating back to ancient times. The Egyptians famously use natron for mummification and as a cleansing agent. The word "soda" originates from the Latin " sodanum ," meaning "salty." Prague: Bohemians of the Renaissance Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Solnitsata Neolithic Salt Processing Center By the 13th century, sodium carbonate is widely recognized and used in Europe, primarily as a glass-making ingredient and a key component in soap. In the 18th century, the Leblanc process is developed to synthesize sodium carbonate from salt, sulfuric acid, and limestone, marking the beginning of industrial production. The use of sodium carbonate goes back to 2000 BCE in ancient Egypt. It's primarily used in glassmaking (after 1250 BCE) and textile production. Its importance grows particularly during the 19th century, when industrial chemistry advances, leading to commercial production. Today, the global market for sodium carbonate is valued at approximately $15 billion. Can Sodium Carbonate Be Made in the Lab? Sodium carbonate is easily synthesized in a laboratory setting using several methods, including the reaction of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) with heat. When sodium bicarbonate is heated, it decomposes into sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide, and water. Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Women Scientists of the Ancient World Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Use in Glass Making with Silica One of the primary industrial uses of sodium carbonate is in glass manufacturing. In the glass-making process, sodium carbonate serves as a flux, reducing the melting temperature of silica (SiO₂). This makes it easier to shape and mold glass products, saving energy and time. A combination of soda ash and silica improves glass production, enabling manufacture of a variety of glass types, including container glass, flat glass, and fiberglass. The energy costs associated with glassmaking are significantly higher if sodium carbonate is not used. Soda-lime glass, which incorporates sodium carbonate, is the most common type used for windows and containers, accounting for over 90% of the glass produced in North America. Alchemy & Renaissance Glass: Antonio Neri Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Obsidian: Ancient Volcanic Black Glass Retort, a distillation vessel of alchemy. The versatility of glass allows ancient alchemists to see their work in action Other Uses in History and Modern Day Besides its integral role in glass production, sodium carbonate has a diverse array of applications across different industries: Household Cleaning : Sodium carbonate is a common ingredient in laundry detergents and cleaning products. It effectively removes stains and adjusts the pH of the wash water. Chemical Manufacturing : The compound is utilized in the production of various chemicals, including sodium bicarbonate, sodium silicate, and colorants. Food Processing : In certain contexts, sodium carbonate can be used as a food additive to regulate acidity or for leavening purposes. Water Softening : Sodium carbonate is often used in water treatment processes as it effectively reduces water hardness by precipitating calcium and magnesium ions. pH Regulation : Its capabilities as a mild alkaline substance make it valuable in pools and aquariums to maintain balanced pH levels. Sodium carbonate is historically essential in soap making because it softens water, making lathering easier. Nowadays, sodium carbonate is widely used in detergents, swimming pool pH regulation, and food processing as an acidity regulator. Etch Carnelian Beads Like It's Indus Valley 2500 BCE Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry Bacteria: Unseen Driving Force Behind All Life Sodium carbonate is also foundational in textile processing, and various artistic applications. For instance, in watercolor painting, it helps adjust pH, allowing pigments to mix better. Its broad use across different sectors highlights its versatility. For example, it is used as a pH regulator to maintain stable alkaline conditions necessary for photographic film developing agents. In dyeing with fiber-reactive dyes, sodium carbonate as soda ash fixative or soda ash activator, is used to ensure proper chemical bonding of the dye with cellulose (plant) fibers, typically before dyeing (for tie dyes), mixed with the dye (for dye painting) after dyeing (for immersion dyeing) Facts About Sodium Carbonate Chemical Formula : Na₂CO₃ Molecular Weight : 105.99 g/mol Melting Point : About 851°C (1564°F) Solubility : Highly soluble in water, with a solubility of approximately 220g/L at 20°C (68°F). Appearance : Odorless white powder or crystalline solid. Ecological Impact : Sodium carbonate is generally considered to be non-toxic in low concentrations; however, large amounts can disrupt aquatic ecosystems. Common names : Also referred to as soda ash, washing soda, and soda crystals. Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Illustration of major industrial process Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Pyrococcus furiosus is an extremophile first discovered in the boiling hot, anaerobic conditions of the volcanic island Vulcano. This microscopic archaean loves scorching acidic habitats inhospitable to other life forms. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: Life Forms on Earth Microbial Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis Wild Yeast: Microbes Acting Naturally P. furiosus is hyperthermophilic. It enjoys temperatures above 100 °C (212 °F), the boiling point of water. This resourceful microbe can metabolize carbohydrates, peptides, and alcohols. It happily survives at 110 °C (212 °F), relying on anaerobic respiration. In anaerobic respiration, cells break down sugars to generate energy as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the absence of oxygen. ATP facilitates and sustains processes in living cells. First Life on Earth: Microbes & Stromatolites Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Island of Vulcano is just off the north Sicilian coast These include muscle contraction, nerve impulse transmission, and chemical synthesis. Present in all known life forms, ATP is commonly called the "molecular unit of currency" for energy transfer within cells. A glycoprotein, characteristic of archaea species, predominantly composes the flagella, thin tail-like structures, of P. furiosus . Flagella propel the organism through its environment. They have other uses, like establishing cell-to-cell connections during the stationary growth phase. They also function as cable-like connectors to attach to various solid surfaces, like sand grains, in their natural habitat. This attachment can promote development of microcolonial biofilm structures. Biofilms are important to maintaining an optimal environment for organisms. Colorful World of Bacteria - Color Producers Diatoms: Glass-Making Algae Crucial to Life Catalase: Unseen Enzymes Essential to Life Biofilm creation by Staphylococcus aureus Vulcano: A Hotbed for Extremophiles Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Tyrrhenian Sea north of Sicily, is named for the Roman god Vulcan. Steam and fumes rise from his forge deep in the earth. He creates fantastic weapons and armor for the gods. His helpers are the Cyclopes, who make lighting bolts for Jupiter. P. furiosus is first isolated from marine hydrothermal vents of Vulcano. The island's hot springs also provide ideal anaerobic conditions, supporting an ecosystem significantly different from terrestrial life. Arsenic Trioxide: Paris Green Paint Pigment & Pesticide Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Biological Features of Pyrococcus furiosus Pyrococcus furiosus is an anaerobic, heterotrophic, sulfur-reducing archaea. Like all heterotrophs it can't produce its own food, breaking down substances such as starches. It has several biological features contributing to its extremophilic lifestyle. The cell structure includes a unique membrane composition rich in ether lipids, for stability and integrity in hyperthermophilic conditions. Metabolism of carbohydrates generates hydrogen, carbon dioxide and acetate, an acid. Acid production by P. furiosus lowers the pH of its environment. Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Obsidian: Ancient Volcanic Black Glass Women Scientists of the Ancient World parts of an archaean - like bacteria they don't have a true nucleus Through genetic engineering of an alcohol dehydrogenase gene in P. furiosus , scientists use the archaea to achieve ethanol production from glucose. This is similar to the activity of fermentation by yeast in creating beer or wine. P. furiosus is among the rare prokaryotic organisms with enzymes containing tungsten. Tungsten (W), also called wolfram, occurs naturally on Earth as compounds with other elements. Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals at 3,422 °C (6,192 °F). Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Silent Destroyers: Microbes of Concrete Corrosion Tungsten ore (wolframite) with quartz and pyrite Enzymes are proteins functioning as biological catalysts to speed up chemical reactions. The molecules enzymes act upon are known as substrates. The enzyme transforms them into different molecules or "products". In anaerobic respiration cells make ATP from glucose. P. furiosus metabolizes substrates, especially carbohydrates, to generate energy. Byproducts are hydrogen gas and organic acids. Hydrogen production is of particular interest in biofuels. Ability to convert carbohydrates into hydrogen under anaerobic conditions makes this archaean, specifically its enzymes, a possible natural resource. Vulcano: Child Miners, Gods & Extremophiles Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Mythic Fire Gods - Vulkan of Germania biofuel vehicle Enzymes produced by Pyrococcus furiosus , particularly those involved in carbohydrate metabolism, are exceptionally stable and active at high temperatures. Known as thermophilic enzymes, these have diverse applications. They're used in the food industry for processes such as starch hydrolysis, and in biofuel production. Researchers are exploring the potential o f P. furiosus in genetic engineering and synthetic biology. Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Amoebae: Microbial Predators on the Move Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life The enzymes efficiently break down complex polysaccharides into fermentable sugars, potentially transforming biofuel production methods. Due to their heat stability, P. furiosus enzymes can prosper in industrial settings where many regular enzymes fail. Archaea and bacteria are the earliest forms of life on Earth, emerging c. 3.8 billion years ago. Conditions are hostile and anaerobic. Bacteria proliferation leads to immense production of oxygen by cyanobacteria. Fossils of the first plants are found dating to the middle Ordovician period, about 460 million years ago. Humans, in comparison, have existed for 2 - 6 million years. Spores & Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Oil-Dwelling Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast & Mold Algae in Glass Houses: Diatomaceous Earth Astrobiology While Pyrococcus furiosus provides valuable insights into life on Earth, it also raises the possibility of life beyond Earth. The study of extremophiles helps define potential environments where life may exist in the universe, especially in extreme conditions. If life can thrive in the scorching hot springs of Vulcano, similar organisms may be found on other planets or moons. The ongoing search for extraterrestrial life gleans insight from extremophiles like P. furiosus . Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Mt Nemrut Volcano: Nature & Lore Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Silvanus is a rustic Roman god of wilderness, fields, livestock, boundaries, music and fertility. His name comes from the Latin silva or "forest." Farmers and woodsmen ask his favor for bountiful harvests and protection from dangers real or perceived. Rise of Pan: Fertility Goat God Péh₂usōn Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth The cult of Silvanus is exclusive to men, as they are usually herd tenders and associated with territory or setting of boundaries for fields. It goes back to the early Roman Republic (c. 500 BCE), when agrarian societies rely on the generosity of nature. Unlike many other Roman gods, whose worship is held in temples, Silvanus’s veneration often takes place in the wild. In Roman belief he's best honored in the landscapes he protects. Farmers and pastoralists invoke his name to bless fields and ensure bountiful harvests. Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Cyrene: Huntress Queen of Greek Myth Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome As guardian of forests Silvanus corresponds to East Slavic nature spirit Leshy (above) A successful wheat harvest boosts the economy of a village by over 30%, according to records. Receiving the favor of Silvanus is crucial for quality of life in farmsteads and communities. Especially in his function as fertility god he's given the name Silvanus Invictus or Silvanus the Invincible. He shares this title with war god Mars, king of gods Jupiter and the sun itself. The day of Sol Invictus is December 25. Pagan Solstice Fests: Mithras & the Sun Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Silvanus crowned with pine, Rome Silvanus is associated with other deities such as Roman Faunus, god of nature, and Greco-Roman God Pan, cognate with many pastoral and nature entities from Minoa to Poland. As a guardian of rural spaces he can bless or curse crops based on offerings made. Through the centuries, reverence for Silvanus evolves within Roman mythology. He becomes a protector from wild beasts and disasters such as famine. Rituals in his honor include offerings of wheat, milk, wine, grapes and pigs. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Fänggen (Fangga): Man-Eaters of Tyrol In Roman mythology, Silvanus is often portrayed as a bearded, rustic figure, resembling a satyr or faun. His hair is wild and he embodies the chaotic and nurturing aspects of nature, which are sometimes the same. The syrinx or Pan flute is sacred to him. Silvanus’s mythos is intertwined with the themes of boundaries and protection. Guardian of fields, he watches over borders between cultivated lands and wilderness. He has power over the wild beasts, invoked to keep sheep safe from wolves and other predators. Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend Humbaba: Giant Mountain Forest Man Shamhat: Sacred Prostitute & the Wild Man Syrinx, Pan flute or pipes of Pan Initiation into the cult of Silvanus is considered a significant spiritual experience. Only initiated members receive knowledge about correctly honoring Silvanus, creating a sacred connection among worshippers, the land, and the divine. Silvanus in Literature and Legacy Silvanus appears the works of ancient Roman poets Ovid and Virgil, who reflect on the beauty of nature and importance of honoring the deities presiding over it. In Ovid’s Metamorphoses he's a benevolent force representing the beauty and chaos of the natural world. Baba Yaga - Slavic Forest Witch Bdellovibrio: Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Ovid explores themes of pastoral life and humankind's relationship with nature. He often references Silvanus as a symbol of fertility, emphasizing a connection between the deity and the success of agriculture. Myth of the Cypress Tree In Latin poetry and art, Silvanus is consistently depicted as an elderly man, yet he is portrayed as joyful and enamored with Pomona. She's the goddess of natural abundance, especially connected to orchards and fruit. Virgil describes Silvanus as holding a cypress trunk, and this is linked to a myth. Silvanus has a male lover, Cyparissus. He accidentally kills a pet deer of Cyparissus. Overcome with sorrow, Cyparissus perishes from grief, and is turned into a cypress. Erinyes - Vengeful Women of Ancient Greece Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Cypress trees are sacred to Silvanus Silvanus is often shown adorned with plants and vines, symbolizing his dominion over nature. He's sometimes surrounded by woodland creatures, as a guardian of wild spaces. With the decline of Roman polytheism, Silvanus fades into obscurity. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

In the nineteenth century , Victorians are outdoors more than ever before as health spas flourish, fresh air vacations came into vogue and the first home gym incites a fitness craze. When Prince Albert touts the benefits of sea water, everyone wants to jump in. Victorian Trends: Sailor Suits to Taxidermy The Anxious Victorian - Mental Health 19th Century: Home Gym, Bicycles, Antiseptic Let's hit the beach! Advances in medicine promote compassion as a new way of treating mental health. Anxiety conditions such as neurasthenia or information overload stress affect both men and women, and the theory of female hysteria collapses. One of the most popular health treatments is water therapy or hydrotherapy. Thousands of years old, water treatments have a major revival in the 19th century. Salt water bathing and fresh air are enjoyed for therapeutic benefits and overall health. The beach is the place to be. Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, is adamant about bathing in sea water for health. He's especially fond of the Isle of Wight for recuperative and holiday purposes. Victoria uses an ornate bathing machine to change and swim in the ocean. Angel of Long Point - Abigail Becker Steam & Style - Agrippina of the Rhine How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Bathing Huts at Bognor Regis Beach, England Bathing huts or machines are invented in England during the 18th century by Benjamin Beale, a glove and breeches maker in Kent. Invention of the bath machine reflects growing personal modesty. Prior to bathing costumes and huts, most people just swim naked. The 18th century lady bather covers it all. She wades into the water in heavy wool skirts, bathing corset, bloomers, long sleeves, special swim stockings and slippers. It's not much better by the 19th century, although skirts and sleeves are shorter. So daring. Edelweiss: Alpine Flower of True Love Scheele's Green: History's Most Toxic Pigment Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine ... too short! With help from testimonials of Prince Albert, the bathing house or bath machine on wheels comes into widespread European use during Victorian era health and fitness movements. The lady steps inside and changes into her bathing attire. The machine is rolled, cranked, horse drawn or hand pulled into the water, facing away from shore. She can then bathe in privacy. Alternately, she could go for the full workout. The regimen involves hefty members of the same sex in the bath hut. They physically throw the bather into the sea, and haul her out again. Done several times, it's a form of natural health therapy. At least the client feels better when it's over. 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Fortune Telling - The Mystic Victorian Pioneering German Women - Bertha Benz 'Mermaids at Brighton', hand colored satirical etching on paper, 1825-30 William Heath Bath houses eventually become beach party shacks as young ladies set theirs together and swim in groups. Social circles and classes generally remain distinct from each other. For all, bathing in ocean water has known therapeutic benefits. They include an infusion of minerals such as magnesium, sodium, calcium, chloride and sulphate, to treat ailments like psoriasis, acne and other skin conditions. Sea water also contains nourishing potassium, zinc , iron and magnesium. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore Bathing in sea water benefits the respiratory system and can reduce symptoms of asthma and sinusitis. It relieves stress and pain, and fortifies the immune system. It can lessen the appearance of cellulite by enhancing the flow of lymph fluid, a natural clear fluid in the body. Sea water can also remove impurities and exfoliate skin. The therapeutic and restorative effects of fresh sea air and water are legendary. Today, over 270 million people visit the British coastline every year. 172 million of them come for the fresh air, holiday atmosphere and health benefits of seaside beaches. Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Glycerin (Glycerol): Darling of Cosmetics, Health & Science Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

In natural health, magic and alchemy the fragrant herb rosemary ( Salvia rosmarinus ) is associated with memory, immortality and spiritual protection. Rosemary is called 'dew of the sea' as this hardy plant grows in hot dry places and seems to subsist on only the morning dew. Spagyria - Botanical Science of Alchemy Pomegranate - Food of the Ancients Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic Rosemary branches with little purple flowers A member of the sage family, with a fibrous root system, aromatic evergreen leaves, blue flowers and ancient meaning, rosemary is native to the Mediterranean. Early in human history it's widely used. First mention of rosemary is on cuneiform stone tablets c. 5000 BCE. By 3500 BCE Egyptians use the herb in embalming. For this purpose it's often used with other preservation or longevity products of nature and trade, like cinnamon, myrrh, castor oil and pistachio resin. The custom of throwing or placing rosemary sprigs on graves in remembrance comes from an earlier one of tossing rosemary for protection of the soul of the dead, or in some cultures to keep the dead from roaming . For the latter purpose caraway is also used. Wiedergänger - the Undead Walk Again Herbology & Lore: Death Cap Mushrooms Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Got the urge to roam, but can't leave home Rosemary is associated with memories in Spanish fairy tale The Sprig of Rosemary in which the heroine touches the hero with a rosemary sprig to restore his magically lost memory. Rosemary plays a large part in the Swabian culture of the Danube. It's used at weddings and funerals, christenings, festivals and for luck planted by the cornerstone of a new home or building. Because rosemary has a widespread root system it's hard to tear out or destroy, and has come to represent determination and stamina. In the Mediterranean rosemary is sacred to Aphrodite, goddess of love and sexual relationships. Caraway Spice - Herbology & Folklore Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty Wandering Womb - Ancient Medicine In many languages including German, Greek and Spanish, rosemary takes a masculine pronoun, which it reflects with yang qualities of vigor and vitality. However the plant is a hermaphrodite. It also harmonizes with feminine properties such as intuition and dreams. Rosemary is a plant of Aries, Leo and Capricorn, relating to Sun and Earth. Health and spiritual benefits of rosemary include memory improvement helps concentration relieves muscle pain and spasms stimulates growth of hair fortifies immune & circulatory systems stimulates brain activity lifts mood psychic protection enhances intuition stimulates / balances third eye and heart chakras headache relief treatment of sinus infection Turmeric (Curcuma longa): Ancient Uses & Medicine Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Rosemary Herbal Tea Rosemary is one of the herbs to burn when cleansing a space. This plant drives out demons and evil spirits, and infuses the space with goodness and light. In the garden or patio, rosemary can repel little devils like flies, mosquitoes and cabbage moths. A sprig under the pillow can banish bad dreams and / or reveal one's soulmate. Rosemary is used in alchemy, Feng Shui and other philosophies for its revitalizing effects and link to immortality. It's often used in longevity potions . Bronze Age Europe - The Amber Roads Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature In herbal or botanical alchemy the plant is separated three ways to remove the powerful essential oil and other vital components. It's then re-introduced as a theoretically stronger medical herb, or mixed in ointments, potions, elixirs and tonics. One of the goals of alchemy is to find or create an Elixir of Immortality which gives eternal life or great longevity. This comes from the broader goal to find a panacea or cure for all human illness. Hyssop - Magic & Medicine Herb Lore Pretty Poisons: Holly, Yew, Mistletoe Heh Gods & Eternal Life in Ancient Egypt Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

In the late Neolithic Age (10,200 - 4500 BCE), Europe is a wild unsettled place. Great bears , aurochs and big cats roam the forests. Evil spirits howl and whisper on chill winter nights. Human beings are not apex predators. Humans are prey. Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods Silvanus: Roman God of Wild Lands & Fields Ancient Deities: Proto Indo European Gods Yet, in the world of mortals, knowledge of agriculture grows. Early domestic animals appear c. 10,000 BCE, when humans are domesticated by cats. Herding, trade and the keeping of livestock including chickens , sheep, horses , goats and cows expand during the Bronze Age. On the Caspian Steppe, south of the Danube River in Europe, live the Proto-Indo-European speakers . From this language group many others derive, including English, German, French, Spanish, Hungarian and Romanian. Here emerges the Goat God of woodlands and fields. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Kakia: Greek Goddess of Vice & Abominations Goats in German Myth: Erntebock & Habergeiß Proto-Indo-Europeans occupying the grasslands from the Black to the Caspian Sea eventually disperse. Depending on region they assume different cultural identities, all with one deep-rooted link in the primal subconscious. People settle into agriculture and learn how to enrich the soil, where and when to plant the seed. As these land-based activities become cyclic, the lusty pastoral god of roads, woods and herds comes into the world of mortals. Nature Spirits of German Mythology Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods A nymph flees the clutches of an unseen pursuer His hair is wild, his beard unkempt. Péh₂usōn roams the meadows and woodlands, blasting out tunes on his pipes. His legs are those of a goat, clad in woolly fur with cloven hooves, and horns curl from his head. He's a frightening apparition. Despite his fierce appearance, Péh₂usōn protects travelers on the roads, shepherds and flocks in the fields. Also a deity of wilderness, he influences success in the hunt. His maddened music may be heard from a distance. It's said he will teach anyone to play the reed pipes. Reed pipes are popular early instruments, made of local reeds, stalks or stems. The pipe can be cut as a single reed with holes, or a combination of reeds in various sizes. Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend Ancient Marsh Muse - Rough Horsetail Dumuzi & Geshtinanna: Reasons for Seasons Syrinx or Pan pipes His pipes might be made from the rough horsetail reed , the world's oldest plant. A fertility deity, he's virile, lascivious and proud of it. He pursues all genders and most species. This is the primal god who will develop complex mythology as ancient Greek Pan. The song of his pipes entrance young men and women to dance. They drink ambrosia, honey mead or wine, and lose all inhibitions as music whirls around them. His is a feast of wild abandon. Arcadia - Greek Lands of Ancient Gods Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Fairy Rings, Magic and Mushrooms Horned god Pan (fountain) Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Inspired by Persian Mithra, Romans recreate ancient cult rituals and religious mysteries in the worship of Mithras, based on the older cult of the Sun. Mithras rules widely from Classical to Late Antiquity, with powers to rival those of Christianity. Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Sol Invictus - the Invincible Sun Mysteries of Mithras Mithraism is a secret religion, or mystery cult for men. Only priests and initiates know the rites and signs. Centered in Rome, the Cult of Mithras has seven initiation levels. Members observe communal ritual meals and call themselves syndexioi, or 'those united by a handshake'. According to legend ,  Mithras is born fully adult from a rock beside a sacred stream under a sacred tree. He emerges bearing a torch and knife. He rides and later kills the life-giving cosmic bull, whose fertile blood nourishes all vegetation. In later myth he's born of a virgin. Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Vulcano: Child Miners, Gods & Extremophiles Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Mithras emerges from a rock ready to roll The cult of Mithras threatens the rise of Christianity as both religious cultures spread about the same time. The Apostle Paul begins to preach in Rome in 47 AD. In 336 AD, the first Christian Roman Emperor, Constantine, declares the first known celebration of Christmas. By the 4th century, Christians actively persecute the followers of Mithras. The religion goes underground, in a desperate but futile hope for survival. Further suppression follows and by the end of the 4th century, Mithraism is officially eliminated in the Roman Empire. Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers German Traditions - Candy Canes Underground temple of Mithras Surviving signs of the Cult of Mithras include archeological findings of gathering places and sacred objects. A rtifacts of the cult are found at 420 different sites. Due to the level of secrecy within the cult, evidence is largely based on the many historical finds. Iconic scenes are chronicled in relief sculpture or other artwork in Roman temples. They include the birth of Mithras from a stone, Mithras enjoying a banquet with Sol the Sun, Mithras shooting an arrow into a rock to bring forth water. Kakia: Greek Goddess of Vice & Abominations Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Tannenbaum - About the Yule Fir Tree Most popular are scenes of Mithras killing a bull in ceremonial or sacrificial context. While Mithra enjoys power in Persia (Iran), bull-slaying scenes occur only in Roman artwork. Mithras, contacted by a raven, receives orders from the Sun himself to slay a white bull for the salvation of humankind. This is the cosmic bull of legend. The bull's blood fertilizes the Earth. As soon as the bull dies, it becomes the Moon. The cloak of Mithras become stars and planets. Mithras' sacrifice of the bull reflects the burgeoning Roman Cult of the Bull from the 2nd to 4th centuries AD. Apis - Sacred Fertility Bull of Egypt Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lor e Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Mithras Sacrificing the White Bull, Marble, 2nd century AD featuring dog, snake & scorpion Mithras is a God of Divine Mediation. He corresponds between mortal and godly powers. As a solar deity he's known as 'Light of the Sun'. Mithras' Birthday - December 25 At one time scholars propagate the idea of Mithras' birthday and the feast of Mithras on Dec. 25, the day of dies natalis solis invicti or Sol Invictus, the Invincible Sun. Later evidence shows Sol Invictus as a general festival of the Sun. Held in the days following the Winter Solstice it celebrates the ancient theme of the Sun's return after a time of cold and darkness. Debates over the starting date of Sol Invictus  go back to the 12th century AD. Cattle Goddesses & the Cosmic Cow Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods Gingerbread Houses: German Folklore Happy Birthday to Me! Cult of the Sun God: Sol Invictus The Roman cult of Mithras is placed parallel to that of Sol, the Sun or Sun God. Worship of Sol is prevalent in Rome since the days of the Early Republic (509 - 27 BCE). Invictus means invincible, unconquered or unconquerable. It's also taken as an epithet for gods and demi-gods Jupiter, King of the Gods; Mars, God of War; Heracles, the Greek hero; Greco-Roman Sun God Apollo, and Silvanus, Roman God of the Countryside. Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Poppaea Sabina: Child Bride to Roman Empress Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth Greek Ares, Roman Mars, God of War The Day of the Invincible Sun relates to the early revival of solar light after the winter solstice. Trees start budding as soon as the longest night is past and the Sun begins to grace the Earth with nourishment and warmth. Like many cultures, the Romans wait until the return of the sun is undeniable, a few days after the Solstice, before celebrating its resurrection. Thus the day of the Invincible Sun falls on December 25 by the 1582 AD Gregorian calendar. 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Fairy Rings, Magic and Mushrooms Day of the Invincible or Unconquered Sun The Roman Festival Saturnalia (Dec 17 - 23) occurs over Solstice. In some chronologies the festival extends to include Sol Invictus . In others there's a day separating the two celebrations. From the bawdy revelry of Saturnalia Romans move on to celebrations of light. The cult of Sol goes back to the earliest history of Rome. According to scholars, Titus Tatius, King of the Sabines, introduces the cult just after the founding of Rome by brother-slayer Romulus. On 25 Dec 274 AD, Roman Emperor Aurelian creates the cult of Sol Invictus as an official religion, along with traditional Roman observances. The cult prospers only briefly, as Christianity becomes the exclusive state religion in 380 AD. Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools A flaming sword, symbol of battle Shrines to the Sun God are found in Numicius, central Italy; at the Circus Maximus, and many other places of gathering and worship. The Romans have two versions of the Sun. The early Sol Indiges , the beta version, is a harvest deity. The later Sol Invictus evolves to encompass the full glory of the Sun. They're considered versions of the same god, Sol. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper Happy Sol Invictus Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Vulcano is part of the Aeolian Island archipelago of Italy. Named for Vulcan, Roman god of fire and metalworking, Vulcano is a unique habitat for extremophiles, microbes adapted to harsh environments. Sulfur and alum are mined here though history by slaves and children. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: Life Forms on Earth Giresun (Aretias): Isle of the Amazons Kakia: Greek Goddess of Vice & Abominations scenic island of Vulcano Just north of Sicily, the island is known to the ancient Greeks as Hiera and considered sacred. It's associated with Greek Fire God Hephaestus , who flares briefly and falls into the shadow of Rome. To the Romans it's the forge of Vulcan, who makes weapons for gods and heroes. Eruptions from the island's active volcano, La Fossa, are recorded by 500 BCE. In 1888-1890, a significant eruption evacuates the island. Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Mythic Fire Gods - Vulkan of Germania Ancient Roman Baths & Bathing Fire in the Water Alum & Sulfur Mines Vulcano is a site of ancient Roman industry, particularly in the mining of alum , a salt used as a mordant in dyeing, and sulfur , a bright yellow gemstone with uses in industry, medicine and alchemy. Sulfur compounds are used as bleach, and later in fabric dyes and skin treatments. Most copper ores are sulfides, from which precious copper metals are extracted. Typical ores include the sulfides chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), bornite (Cu5FeS4), and, to a lesser degree, covellite (CuS) and chalcocite (Cu2S). Roman surgeons apply alum, usually potassium alum, to wounds to promote healing. Alum dries the wound and pulls the tissues together, important to the recovery process. As a salt, alum also helps disinfect the wound. Dioscorides: Natural Medicine of Ancients Alchemy: Ancient Mordant Recipes for Fabric & Stones Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction potassium alum crystal Remnants of mining activity are still found today, among craters and fumaroles. Conditions in sulfur mines of this area are searing hot and horrendous. As with the cinnabar mines in Spain , Romans use convicts and incorrigible slaves as workers. The terrible working conditions cause physical and moral deterioration. Into the Victorian era, workers are illiterate and uneducated, often mistreated. Many have lived their lives in the mines, eating and sleeping in or near them. Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health Glycerin (Glycerol): Darling of Cosmetics, Health & Science Mud baths are a luxury attraction for health-seeking tourists from Roman times to present day Their bodies are distorted and knees misshapen from the burdens they carry, up to 80 kilos or 176 lb. Miners suffer from partial or complete vision loss due to eye injuries. In the 19th century, mines of Vulcano produce about 2,000 tons of sulfur. Many workers are young boys laboring in slave conditions from dawn to dusk. From the mid-1800s to the early 1900s the term carusu refers to a "mine-boy." A worker in sulfur, salt, or potash mines, he works beside a picuneri or pick-man. His job is to transport raw ore from the depths of the mine to the surface. The boys are as young as five, sold into mine work by orphanages or their own parents, who receive a "death benefit". Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Mine boys, Sicily 1899 They often ascend with their ore in complete darkness, followed and preceded by others. A fall has tragic consequences. Although conditions improve due to late 19th century labor laws, boys are still used to carry ore until the 1950s. Volcanic Activity Vulcano's geology is dominated by volcanic activity. The island has multiple craters and fumaroles, a paradise for geologists, researchers and extremophiles. La Fossa is the most prominent feature. This active stratovolcano last erupts in 1890 and is characterized by ongoing geothermal activity. Steam and sulfur gasses billow up through fumaroles, vents in the Earth’s crust. Mt Nemrut Volcano: Nature & Lore Volcanic Wipeout - 1600 BCE Eruption of Thera Obsidian: Ancient Volcanic Black Glass Along the rims of fumaroles, bright yellow sulfur deposits occur as flowers of sulfur , or sublimed sulfur. These are also created by alchemists , the natural philosophers and scientists of history. Thermal springs and mud baths attract tourists from Roman times to present day. In Roman mythology, the fumes are created by Vulcan, the blacksmith of the gods. He forges weapons and armor in his fiery workshop, including the legendary armor of Mars, God of War. Vulcan's helpers are the Cyclopes, who create thunderbolts for Jupiter. Natural Glass Gemstones: Cataclysmic Fusion Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Karaca Dağ Volcano: Mountain of Life Extremophiles: Microbiology of Vulcano Vulcano's extreme geological conditions offer valuable opportunities for the discovery of extremophiles, microbial organisms prospering in harsh environments. These unique microorganisms are key to understanding life in extreme conditions. The hyperthermophilic archaean Pyrococcus furiosus is first isolated from the sediments of Vulcano. This microorganism enjoys temperatures over 100 °C (212 °F) and has potential applications in biotechnology. Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Rotten Egg Sulfur Smell: Microbial Processes Pyrococcus furiosus, microscopic anaerobic extremophile found in volcanic vents on Vulcano The study of extremophiles like Pyrococcus furiosus offers insights into the limits of life on Earth and has potential in astrobiology, especially in the search for life on planets with extreme environments. Vulcano is a natural laboratory. Pyrococcus furiosus  is valuable to modern science and biotechnology for its enzymes. Known for their stability at high temperatures, they're used in industrial processes including DNA amplification techniques, and advancements in genetic research. Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Pagan Solstice Fests: Mithras & the Sun Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade DNA chips Quick Facts about Vulcano Fumaroles and Mud Baths: The island’s fumaroles produce sulfurous gases that are channeled into mud baths, believed to have therapeutic properties. Mythical Connections: The island is linked to the myth of the Cyclopes, who make weapons for Zeus at Vulcan's forge. UNESCO World Heritage: The Aeolian Islands, including Vulcano, are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site for their volcanic landscapes and unique ecosystems. Geothermal Energy Potential: The geothermal activity on Vulcano has sparked interest in renewable energy sources. Tourist Destination: Vulcano’s stunning scenery, hot springs and hiking trails attract rampant hordes of tourists. Diverse Ecosystems : The unique environment of Vulcano fosters an array of flora and fauna. Some species are endemic to the island. Vulcano is an island where mythology and science converge, offering a glimpse into the Earth's dynamic processes connecting to stories and beliefs of ancient civilizations. Its unique geological features and extremophile inhabitants make it a fascinating site for science. Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Victorian Trends: Sailor Suits to Taxidermy Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Stymphalian birds are vicious flesh-eating birds in Greek mythology. They're believed to originate from the swamps of Stymphalia in Arcadia , pastoral home of Pan . They appear on Greek coins. Their feathers are metal weapons and they're sacred to Ares, god of war. Rise of Pan: Fertility Goat God Péh₂usōn Arcadia - Greek Lands of Ancient Gods Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth Warrior Bird Woman Arcadia is an inland province on the Peloponnese peninsula of Greece. It's said to be the demesne of Pan, Poseidon as Horse God and the Greek mystery cult of Despoina . A watershed plain, Stymphalia or Stymphalus is about six miles (9.7 km) long. It's surrounded by mountains, making it sheltered and fertile, with favorable climate, mineral runoff and nutrient rich silt. As a lowland basin it's susceptible to flooding, as below. To the north is Mt. Kyllini, also called the Cyllene or Ziria. The village of Stymphalia is at its base. Cyrene: Huntress Queen of Greek Myth Lake Van: Fate of a Primeval Soda Salt Lake Are Cormorants Stymphalian Birds? Stymphalia looking north to Mount Kyllini (Cyllene, Ziria) (credit:ulrichstill) The mountain is suggested as the mythical ‘rock of Scylla’, from which Mount Stymphalus forms a spur and descends to the plain. Mt. Stymphalus is the second highest peak on the Peloponnese, associated with the God Hermes. Hera conscripts Ares to create the birds specifically to kill Heracles. The Stymphalian birds have beaks of bronze, sharp metallic feathers they shoot at their victims, and poisonous dung. They live in the Stymphalian swamplands, where they fled to escape wolves. Erinyes - Vengeful Women of Ancient Greece Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia Despoina - Goddess of the Mysteries Silver coin, Stymphalia, 370-350 BC depicting Heracles on obverse, Stymphalian bird on reverse. Once there, the Stymphalian Birds breed prolifically. They invade farms and fields of the countryside, destroying crops, fruit trees, and eating townspeople. The Birds are sacred to Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, and Ares, god of war. According to Greek traveler   Pausanias these mighty birds "... fly against those who come to hunt them, wounding and killing them with their beaks. All armor of bronze or iron that men wear is pierced by the birds; but if they weave a garment of thick cork, the beaks of the Stymphalian birds are caught in the cork garment, just as the wings of small birds stick in bird-lime. These birds are of the size of a crane, and are like the ibis, but their beaks are more powerful, and not crooked like that of the ibis." Kakia: Goddess of Vice & Abominations Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods Stymphalian Birds have Sharp Bronze & Copper Feathers Their destructive nature overcomes the people and the Greek hero Heracles sets out to kill them in the 6th of 12 tasks he must undertake for King Eurystheus of Mycenae. He's armed with a bow and arrow and/or a sling. The reason Heracles is in the King's service is because he murders his wife, Theban princess Megara, and all their children when Hera afflicts him with madness. Apollo tells Heracles to serve the King as punishment for his crime. Bosporus: Black Sea Nature & Greek Myth Chamois - Alpine Wild Nature & Lore Fänggen (Fangga): Man-Eaters of Tyrol Suleymaniye Mosque overlooking the Bosporus at Istanbul, Turkey Hera loathes Heracles because he's a descendent of Io, whom Zeus impregnates in the form of a white cloud. Hera turns Io into a white cow. The Strait of Bosporus , meaning "cattle crossing" is named for Io and her journey. Heracles goes to the Stymphalian marshlands, where the birds live. From the safety of their nests they hurl feathers like darts of poison. Heracles can't get closer to the birds because the marsh won't bear his weight, and so his slings and arrows are useless. Syrian Brown Bear - Bronze Age Wild Sinope: Poison, Honey, Greeks & Clay Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Heracles killing Stymphalian Birds, Attic Greek vase Athena, goddess of war, decides to help Heracles. She has the divine smith Hephaestus make an instrument called krotala or  krotalon  for the hero .  In classical antiquity, the krotalon  is a clapper or set of castanets used in religious dance in Greece and elsewhere. Heracles climbs up the mountain overhanging the marshes, and vigorously shakes and claps the krotala . The noise frightens the birds and they fly up from their nests. Heracles kills many of them with arrows dipped in the poison of the Hydra. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Great Cormorant: Wild Birds & Mythic Beasts Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome The legendary Stymphalian Bird has bronze beak and sharp feathers. Above, a Great Cormorant at sunset According to Greek philosopher Mnaseas (4th century BCE) the creatures Heracles kills in the Arcadian swamps are not birds, but women and daughters of Stymphalus and Ornis. Heracles kills them because they do not receive him hospitably. In the temple of the Stymphalian Artemis they're shown as birds, and behind the temple in antiquity are white marble statues of maidens with birds' feet. Later artists such as Albrecht Dürer  and Gustave Moreau portray the birds with harpy-like female heads and breasts. Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Bird Woman Elwetritsch: German Folklore Brunhilde: Tragic Germanic Warrior Queen Hercules Killing the Stymphalian Birds by Albrecht Dürer (1500) The remaining birds escape to the Euxine Sea (Black Sea). They take refuge on the Isle of Aretias, the Island of Ares, identified as Giresun Island . It's the largest island on the Turkish Black Sea Coast, today occupied by gulls and great cormorants ( Phalacrocorax carbo ). Named for the Greek war god, the island is also considered a religious site of the legendary Amazons . Partial archaeological excavations find ancient ruins. In the epic Argonautica , set in c. 1300 BCE, the warrior women are in the area and Jason is afraid to fight them. Ornithomancy - Prophecy by the Birds Eye of Ra Egypt - Wrath of the Woman Giresun (Aretias): Isle of the Amazons Island of Ares aka Giresun Island in the Black Sea The Stymphalian Birds adapt well to island life. They're left in peace. The only sea route into the Black Sea is the Bosporus Strait, and it's guarded by massive floating boulders, the Symlpegades, which clash together to crush anyone trying to pass through. Jason and the Argonauts change all that. To pass safely, on the advice of a blind prophet Jason releases a dove. He thinks the bird will be crushed and the Argonauts can sail bravely through the channel as the boulders pull apart again. Anat - War Goddess of Ancient Ugarit Jet Black - Ancient World Gemstones Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend Dangerous passage The prophet further says to him, " .... ye must beach your ship upon a smooth island, when ye have driven away with all manner of skill the ravening birds , which in countless numbers haunt the desert island. In it the Queens of the Amazons, Otrere and Antiope, built a stone temple of Ares ... "  Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Kusarikku - Bull Men of Mesopotamia Jason and the Argonauts They send the dove through the passage. She barely makes it with loss of tail feathers, and no doubt complains about the incident to the Stymphalian Birds on the island of Ares. When the birds see Jason and the Argonauts they launch a lethal attack. As birds of Ares the Stymphalian Birds cannot be killed here. They're under his protection on the island bearing his name. Their onslaught is ferocious. Jason fears all is lost. Then, one of the heroes remembers the adventures of Heracles, who earlier departed from the group. Sailing - Bronze Age Sails & Sailcloth Colchis - Bronze Age on the Black Sea Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health He tells the warriors to make noise. The Argonauts bang their shields and shout, making so much commotion the birds retreat. Zeus sends a favorable wind so the Argonauts don't have to fight Amazons. They continue on to Colchis in pursuit of the Golden Fleece. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top