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Electrolytes are essential minerals that carry electric charges. Dysfunction can make them fire off in unwanted ways. Integral for health, they balance fluids, send nerve signals, regulate energy creation and body functions. Electrolytes: Vital Minerals of Human & Environmental Health Kombucha: Ancient Brew & DIY Health Tea Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine There are many known electrolytes but these seven are most important to bodies. Familiar in everyday life they are sodium, potassium, calcium , magnesium , chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate. The electrolytes dissolve into ions in fluids like water, one reason why hydration is important to living things. Ions have positive (cations) or negative (anions) charges. They work together to form the basis of life. Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making Amazing Yeast: Feeding, Breeding & Biofilms Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Thus, electrolyte balance is important to health of humans, other animals, plants, environment and ecosystems. Special fertilizers are created for plants, and nutrition enhanced food for livestock and pets. Electrolyte dysfunction degrades mental or physical health. With improper balance of nutrients plants die and crops wither, as do humans. Knowing the electrolytes, people are able to develop their own personal "fertilizers". Natron - Ancient Embalming & Household Salts Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality 1. Sodium (Na⁺) Sodium (Na⁺) is one of the best known electrolytes, primarily found in the fluid outside cells. It facilitates proper cell function, regulates blood pressure and blood volume, fluid balance, nerve and muscle function. Sodium absorbs water. Without sodium the water seeps into the cells themselves. This causes cells to swell (hypotonicity) and misfunction. Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose SCOBY & Mother of Vinegar: Cultured Cuisine Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice parts of a human cell - cells are surrounded by fluid Natural Sources The recommended daily intake is around 2,300 mg or one teaspoon of table salt, less for children. A positively charged ion, sodium is found in foods such as: Table salt (NaCl) Processed foods Seaweed Eggs Celery Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health 19th Century: Home Gym, Bicycles, Antiseptic seaweed au natural Deficiency and Excess Deficiency: While rare, sodium deficiency or hyponatremia causes symptoms like headache, confusion, nausea, fatigue and seizures. Hyponatremia is most common in older adults. Excess: Too much sodium can cause hypertension or high blood pressure, rapid heartbeat and symptoms similar to deficiency, like confusion. Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose While sea salt and table salt have the same components (NaCl), sea salt contains trace minerals 2. Potassium (K⁺) Potassium (K⁺) is primarily found inside cells. It's important to body functions like maintaining fluid balance and ensuring proper muscle contractions, including those of the heart. The potassium ion is a cation, or positively charged ion. It works closely with sodium to maintain proper nerve and muscle function. Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits Lactobacillus: Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria Difference Between Pickling & Fermentation potassium benefits the heart Natural Sources Rich sources of potassium include bananas, oranges, potatoes, spinach, and beans. The recommended daily intake for adults is about 2,500 to 3,000 mg. It can vary by individual. Sweet potatoes (337 mg each, medium sized) Bananas (420 mg each, medium sized) Spinach Eggs Avocados Beans Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place Lactic Acid Fermentation: Beneficial Bacteria Deficiency and Excess Deficiency: A low potassium level (hypokalemia) can lead to muscle weakness, cramps and arrhythmias. Excess: High potassium levels (hyperkalemia) can be dangerous, potentially causing heart palpitations or even cardiac arrest. People with kidney problems are especially at risk. Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Natural Anti-Spasmodic Treatments for Muscle Spasms & Pain Ammonia: Formation, Hazards & Reactions heart 3. Calcium (Ca²⁺) Calcium (Ca²⁺) is the most abundant mineral in the human body, found mainly in bones and teeth. It is known for its role in bone health, and is also important for blood clotting, muscle contractions, and nerve signaling. While dairy products are often highlighted for their calcium content, non-dairy sources can also provide significant amounts. A cup of almonds has about 76 mg of calcium, a serving of fresh broccoli about 50 mg. Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength Women Scientists of the Ancient World Tannins: Complex Astringents of Nature Natural Sources Dairy products, leafy green vegetables, fish with bones and fortified foods are excellent calcium sources. The recommended daily intake for adults is 1,000 mg, increasing to 1,200 mg for people over 50. Dairy products (milk, cheese, yogurt) Leafy greens (kale, broccoli) Fortified foods (orange juice, cereals) Almonds Eggs Mold: Cultivation & Use in Food Fermentation Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry commercial orange juice is often fortified with minerals including calcium Deficiency and Excess Deficiency: Insufficient calcium can lead to osteoporosis, muscle cramps and increased risk of fractures. Excess: Too much calcium (hypercalcemia) can cause kidney stones and interfere with the absorption of other minerals. Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Killer Yeast: Assassins of the Microworld Cheese Making: Rennet & Natural Alternatives kidney stones 4. Magnesium (Mg²⁺) Magnesium (Mg²⁺) is involved in more than 300 biochemical processes. It aids in such internal activities as energy production, muscle and nerve function, regulating calcium levels and maintaining bone structure. Natural Sources Magnesium-rich foods include nuts, seeds, whole grains, and green leafy vegetables. The adequate intake level is around 400-420 mg for men and 310-320 mg for women. Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health DIY Perfume Artisans: Top, Middle & Base Notes Nuts (almonds, cashews 230mg / 100g) Whole grains (wheat, oats, barley, buckwheat, quinoa) Leafy greens (spinach, Swiss chard) Legumes While brown rice may be recommended, hulls of rice have anti-nutrients like phytates and lectins. In small amounts they can be beneficial but also bind to vitamins and minerals and prevent proper digestive absorption. Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Pasteurization: Microbial Dominance & Destruction Flavonoids: the Big Five of Aroma, Flavor & Color hulling rice Deficiency and Excess Deficiency: Low magnesium levels can cause muscle cramps, mental disorders, fatigue, irritability, osteoporosis. Excess: Too much magnesium (hypermagnesemia) is rare but can happen especially due to over-supplementation. Symptoms include nausea, fatigue, and irregular heart rhythms. 5. Chloride (Cl⁻) Chloride (Cl⁻) usually works with sodium to maintain fluid balance. It also helps produce digestive fluids and stomach acid like hydrochloric acid , essential for GI tract health. Mugwort (Wormwood) Medicine & Herb Lore 10 Ancient Spices of Trade, Health & Beauty Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine Brown Hydrochloric Acid Bottle - repurposed An anion or negatively charged ion, it helps maintain osmotic pressure. High osmotic pressure creates hypertonicity, causing cells to shrivel and deform. Natural Sources Chloride is predominantly obtained from table salt and seaweed, with a recommended daily intake of around 2,300 mg. Table salt (sodium chloride NaCl) Seaweed Tomatoes Celery Flavonoids: Sensory Compounds of Nature Peracetic Acid: Origin, Reactions, Hazards Chlorine (Cl): Properties, Hazards & Uses tomatoes are healthy in many ways Deficiency and Excess Deficiency: Chloride deficiency can lead to dehydration, body pH imbalance, muscle cramps, weakness, and difficulty breathing. Excess: An excess can cause an imbalance in the body's fluid levels, potentially leading to high blood pressure. Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Arsenic Trioxide: Paris Green Paint Pigment & Pesticide Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria Normal blood pressure is systolic pressure less than 120 and diastolic pressure less than 80 6. Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) Bicarbonate is an important buffer in the blood, helping maintain pH levels (neutral) and prevent acidosis (low pH <7) or alkalosis (high pH >7). It has vital functions in respiratory and metabolic processes. Natural Sources Unlike other electrolytes, bicarbonate is naturally produced in the body. It can also be found in mineral waters and baking soda. Rasayana: Alchemy & Health of India Folk Magic: Fly Agaric ( Amanita muscaria ) Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Deficiency and Excess Deficiency: Low bicarbonate levels causes metabolic acidosis, fatigue and confusion. Excess: High levels indicate metabolic alkalosis, with symptoms of muscle twitching and hand tremors. There's no specific dietary recommendation for bicarbonate, as the body typically manages its levels through metabolism and respiration. Magnesium (Mg): Ecology & Human Health Ammonia: Formation, Hazards & Reactions Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life 7. Phosphate (PO₄³⁻) Phosphate (PO₄³⁻) is necessary for bone health, energy production, and cellular processes. A negatively charged ion, it's used in energy production through ATP (adenosine triphosphate), as well as DNA synthesis. Natural Sources Recommended intake of phosphate is about 700 mg per day. Chicken - 195 mg / 3oz serving Beef (fresh, sirloin or roast) - 60 - 70 mg / oz Fish (salmon, tuna) Scallops Dairy products Nuts and seeds Kiwi fruit Lentils Other Legumes Tofu Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Prague: Bohemians of the Renaissance almonds carry many nutrients such as phosphate, calcium, vitamin E, proteins, antioxidants Deficiency and Excess Deficiency: A low phosphate level can cause bone pain and weakness, and muscle weakness. It can promote an altered sense of reality, confusion, numbness and poor reflexes. Excess: High phosphate levels can lead to the calcification of non-skeletal tissues and potential kidney damage. Often due to kidney issues, can cause cardiovascular problems. Difference between phosphate and phosphorus : phosphorus refers to the chemical element (P), while phosphate refers to molecules containing the ion PO43−. Highly reactive with oxygen, phosphorus doesn't exist in elemental form in the human body. Acetic Acid: Food, Health & Science Brettanomyces : Favorite Artisan Wild Yeast Apples: Nature, Spirituality & Folklore kiwi fruit brings phosphate and other good things to the table Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Potassium an essential element with great influence in human health and the natural environment. Here are its scientific properties, methods of creation, functions in health, and effects on nature and plants. 7 Primary Electrolytes: Essential Ions & Health Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy About Potassium Potassium (K) is a chemical element with atomic number 19. An alkali metal, it belongs to Group 1 of the periodic table. This silvery-white metal is highly reactive and found in nature most often as potassium ion (K+). Abundant in the universe, potassium exists in Earth's crust as silicate minerals. It's plentiful in seawater, integral to the many health benefits touted by Prince Albert of England, who triggers a Victorian seawater health craze. Victorian Trends: Sailor Suits to Taxidermy Edelweiss: Alpine Flower of True Love Magnesium (Mg): Ecology & Human Health Potassium forms strong ionic bonds with other elements. Its notable properties include: High Reactivity : Potassium reacts vigorously with water, producing potassium hydroxide and hydrogen gas, and can ignite in moist air. When burned, it produces a lilac-colored flame.    Softness : Potassium is soft enough to be sliced with a knife. When freshly cut, it has a shiny, metallic appearance, which quickly dulls as it oxidizes. Low Density : Potassium is less dense than water, thus it can float, if only briefly. Electrolytes: Vital Minerals of Human & Environmental Health Natural Anti-Spasmodic Treatments for Muscle Spasms & Pain Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg potassium suspended in oil forming 'pearls' Potassium conducts heat and electricity very efficiently. Electric eels of the Amazon get their super powers from high levels of potassium and sodium. Its melting point is 63.5 °C (146.3 °F). Due to reactivity potassium is rarely in elemental form in nature. It's often found in compounds like potash (potassium carbonate) and minerals feldspar and carnalite. Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health ATP: Nature of Energy & Vital Functions Catalase: Unseen Enzymes Essential to Life feldspar Functions of Potassium in Human Health Potassium is classified as a macromineral, essential in large quantities for various bodily functions. Its important uses include: Electrolyte Balance : Potassium works with sodium to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Muscle Function : It is needed for proper muscle contractions, including the heart muscle. Adequate potassium levels help prevent muscle weakness and cramping. Pasteurization: Microbial Dominance & Destruction Flavonoids: the Big Five of Aroma, Flavor & Color Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Nerve Signal Transmission : Potassium ions are essential for the propagation of electrical impulses in nerve cells, ultimately influencing reflexes and cognitive functions. Acid-Base Balance : Potassium contributes to maintaining the body's pH levels, which is critical for enzymatic reactions. Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty SCOBY & Mother of Vinegar: Cultured Cuisine Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth pH test for pool Blood Pressure Regulation : Adequate potassium intake helps lower blood pressure, reducing risk of stroke. Bone Health : Sufficient potassium intake neutralizes acids that may leach calcium from bones, promoting stronger skeletal health. Adults should consume 2,500 to 3,000 mg of potassium each day. Natural sources include avocados at around 750 mg each and spinach, with approximately 840 mg per cooked cup. Tannins: Complex Astringents of Nature Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia avocado Baked potatoes have 535 mg per 100 g. The average banana has around 420 mg. Medium sized sweet potatoes have about 337 mg each. Creation of Potassium In nature, potassium is formed in stars through nuclear fusion processes. When stars die, they release their elements into space, which can later condense to form planets. On Earth, primary sources of potassium like feldspar weather over time to release potassium ions into soil and freshwater systems. Potassium is an electrolyte . It dissolves in water to form ions with positive charges. Phenols: Nature's Creations in Daily Life Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science supernova Person-driven sources of potassium include mining of potassium minerals, processing, and agricultural fertilizers. Key methods of extraction include: Mining : Many operations extract potassium from minerals like sylvite (KCl) and langbeinite (K2Mg2(SO4)3). The mined minerals are crushed and processed to isolate potassium. As an example, Canada is home to large sylvite deposits that contribute significantly to global potassium production. Salt Lake Brines : In some regions, potassium is sourced from brine solutions found in salt lakes. Brine from the Great Salt Lake in Utah is used to produce potassium salts through evaporation. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Caustic Potash Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Stromatolites , shore of Great Salt Lake, Utah Potassium in Nature and the Environment Potassium is significant in ecosystem health. It aids plant growth by: Promoting Photosynthesis : It is involved in metabolic pathways and is necessary for the synthesis of plant nutrients. Potassium is important to photosynthesis, protein synthesis and starch formation. Soil Fertility : Healthy potassium levels support nutrient uptake in plants. Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making Noble Rot: Secret of Sumptuous Sweet Wines Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Enhancing Water Regulation : Potassium helps plants regulate their water uptake and osmotic pressure, important to growth and photosynthesis. Strengthening Plant Resistances : Adequate potassium levels improve a plant's resilience against diseases and environmental stressors. Symptoms of High or Low Potassium In Humans Hypokalemia (Low potassium) : Symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue, cramps, constipation, and irregular heart rhythms. Severe cases can lead to life-threatening complications like cardiac arrest and paralysis. Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home Hyperkalemia (High potassium) : This condition can be dangerous, with symptoms such as muscle fatigue, palpitations, and in extreme cases, heart failure. It's often caused by kidney dysfunction, excess intake of potassium supplements, or medications. In Plants Deficiency Symptoms : Plants deficient in potassium may show signs of wilting, chlorosis or yellowing leave edges, and poor fruit quality. Their vulnerability to pests and disease increases. Milk into Cheese: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris 10 Ancient Spices of Trade, Health & Beauty powdery mildew Excess Symptoms : While excess potassium is rare, it can disrupt the absorption of other nutrients, leading to deficiencies in magnesium and calcium, which may manifest as leaf tip burn and poor growth. Facts about Potassium Versatility : Beyond its biological significance, potassium compounds are used in industries such as fertilizers, explosives, and glass. Industry and Environment : Potassium permanganate, a compound of potassium, is used as a disinfectant and in water treatment processes. Essential for Life : Potassium ranks among the most abundant minerals in the human body and is second only to sodium in importance. Historical Use : The term ‘potash’ comes from the practice of leaching wood ashes in pots, creating potassium carbonate. Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids First Life on Earth: Microbes & Stromatolites Flowers of Sulfur (Brimstone): Creation & Uses Potassium chlorate is used in explosives, matches, textile printing, disinfectants and bleach Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Hydrochloric acid is a powerful chemical. Used from old alchemical practices to modern times, this colorless, pungent-smelling liquid is one of the most important acids in industrial and biological contexts. It's valued in alchemy for its relationship with nitric acid . Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Peracetic Acid: Origin, Reactions, Hazards Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses Brown Hydrochloric Acid Bottle repurposed One of the stomach acids, its strong properties make it a vital component in processes, from human digestion to manufacturing. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas. Hydrochloric acid forms when hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water. It has a sharp, pungent odor and is known for its corrosive nature. Hydrochloric acid is among the most widely used acids, valued in various chemical reactions and processes. Microbial Alchemy: Fermentation, Digestion, Putrefaction The Unseen World: Protozoans in Nature Microbes: Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Protozoa, Fungi & Viruses a scientific reaction Properties and Reactions Hydrochloric acid is known for several distinctive properties: Strong Acid : HCl has a very low pH, typically around 0-2 in concentrated form, which means it can cause severe chemical burns upon contact with skin or tissues. Corrosive Nature : It can corrode metals, especially zinc, lead, and iron, leading to the production of hydrogen gas and metal chlorides. Reactivity : Hydrochloric acid reacts with bases to form salts and water, and with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide, water, and salts. Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen ... it's highly corrosive Some notable reactions include: With Metals : [ 2HCl + Zn --> ZnCl_2 + H_2 ↑ ] With Carbonates : [ 2HCl + Na_2CO_3 --> 2NaCl + H_2O + CO_2 ↑ ] Hydrochloric acid is highly reactive with a range of substances. As a strong acid, it completely dissociates in solution, producing hydronium ions (H₃O⁺) and chloride ions (Cl⁻). This complete dissociation results in an exceptionally low pH, typically around 0 to 1. Hydrochloric acid reacts vigorously with numerous metals, forming metal chlorides and releasing hydrogen gas. For example, when hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc, the following reaction occurs: Zn (s)+2HCl(aq)→ ZnCl2(aq)+H2(g) This represents not just a reaction between acid and metal but also hydrogen gas production. Hydrochloric acid works in neutralization reactions with bases, yielding salt and water. This reversible process is fundamental in manufacturing and research. Powder of Algaroth: Antimony Oxychloride Purgative Arsenic Trioxide: Paris Green Paint Pigment & Pesticide Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Rock Salt - Alchemy also includes metal and plant salts, ie iron salts, plant salts by breaking down matter History of Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric acid has a known history back to the 8th century, where it's used by alchemists. It's first prepared in a controlled way by Jabir ibn Hayyan . The medieval name is spirit of salt, referring to its derivation from salt (sodium chloride) and sulfuric acid. The term "hydrochloric acid" emerges in the 18th century, attributed to chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. He identifies the compound's unique characteristics. Over the years, hydrochloric acid becomes a basic need in chemistry and industry. Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Ability to Dissolve Gold One fascinating property of hydrochloric acid is its ability to dissolve gold when combined with nitric acid. It creates a highly corrosive mixture known as aqua regia (Latin for "royal water"), gold can be successfully dissolved. The chemical reaction can be summarized [ Au + 3HCl + HNO_3 ---> HAuCl_4 + NO + 2H_2O ] The dissolution of gold in aqua regia creates chloroauric acid. The ability to dissolve gold is crucial in metallurgy and gold recovery processes, often used in the extraction and refining of precious metals. Sodium Carbonate: Natural Formation to Modern Application Hydrogen Peroxide: Chemistry, Production, Risks How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Use of Hydrochloric Acid in the Renaissance During the Renaissance, hydrochloric acid, or spirit of salt, was primarily used for: Alchemy : It plays a vital role in alchemical experiments, notably in gold dissolution and recovery. Cleaning Agents : Crafters use it to clean metals and prepare surfaces for treatment. Medicine : The acid is essential in chemistry, aiding in the development of medical practices and pharmaceutical preparations. During the Renaissance, hydrochloric acid emerges as an essential element. Alchemists use it for metal purification and extracting minerals. Its role in creating other chemicals fosters developments influencing science for centuries. Salt in Alchemy: Alchemical Uses & Lore Etch Carnelian Beads Like It's Indus Valley 2500 BCE Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry Use in Medicine Hydrochloric acid also has applications in modern medicine. It is an essential component of gastric acid, which aids digestion in the stomach by breaking down food and killing harmful bacteria. Pharmacists may use HCl in different formulations to adjust pH of medications. In healthcare settings, hydrochloric acid serves functions related to pH calibration and testing in various laboratory tests. It is also involved in treating conditions related to stomach acidity, though any usage must be approached with caution due to its corrosive properties. Bacteria: Unseen Driving Force Behind All Life Niter (Saltpeter): Science of Alchemy Lunar Caustic AgNO3: Lapis Infernalis  of Alchemy Liver, stomach, organs - hydrochloric acid is a "digestive juice" of the stomach Other Uses of Hydrochloric Acid Industrial Manufacturing : In industries, hydrochloric acid is vital for producing compounds like vinyl chloride (used to make PVC) and plays a crucial role in oil well stimulation and metal refining. It's widely used in the manufacturing of plastics, fertilizers, and dyes. Food Industry : It helps regulate pH levels in food processing, ensuring products are safe and of high quality. Water Treatment : Hydrochloric acid adjusts acidity levels in drinking water and wastewater facilities, preventing corrosion in pipelines and other equipment. Cleaning Agent : Its powerful cleaning ability makes it effective for rust and scale removal across different settings, from households to industries. Metal Processing : HCl is employed in pickling processes to clean iron and steel. Laboratory Reagent : Chemists use hydrochloric acid in titrations and as a reagent in synthesizing other compounds, emphasizing its role in research. The extensive applications of hydrochloric acid highlight its ongoing relevance in both industrial and laboratory environments. The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Hydrochloric Acid Facts Considered one of the strongest acids, it can achieve a pH of less than 1. Concentrated hydrochloric acid contains 36-38% HCl by weight. Its highly corrosive nature means it can damage living tissue on contact. When diluted, it is often used as a cleaning agent, making it accessible for various applications. The combination of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, known as aqua regia, is frequently used in laboratories for gold refining and advanced analysis. Currently, the production of hydrochloric acid often uses the byproduct of chlor-alkali processes, showcasing modern advancements in chemical manufacturing. Hydrochloric acid's multifaceted nature guarantees its continued relevance across diverse fields. Rotten Egg Sulfur Smell: Microbial Processes White Lead Toxic Beauty, Art, Ancient Production Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Fuming potion Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Urine has medical and practical applications though history. Renaissance alchemist Hennig Brand discovers phosphorus by boiling his pee. Aged urine is used in tanning hides . Urine of people and animals compliments alchemy experiments, industrial mixtures and healing elixirs. Tanning Hides - the Ancient Process Urine in Medieval Alchemy & Medicine Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination "Little Man Piss" or Manneken Pis is a famous Brussels fountain (1615) In Hamburg, Hennig Brand keeps a laboratory for research and experiments into the quest for the legendary Philosopher's Stone . The lapis philosophorum is a substance believed to have the power to transform base into precious metals, heal all disease and grant eternal life. In 1669 Brand is working in his laboratory with the favorite and most readily available body fluid of alchemists, urine. Its golden color suggests it holds the secret to gold creation. Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Smelting Metals: Metalwork & Alchemy Heating residues from boiled-down urine on his furnace around 1669, Brand sees the retort has turned red hot. Suddenly, glowing fumes fill the vessel and liquid drips out and bursts into flames. As he catches the liquid in a jar and covers it, Brand finds it solidifies and glows pale-green. The name he gives this substance, phosphorus, derives from the Greek term meaning light-bearing or light-bearer . Phosphorus is a chemical element of the nitrogen family. Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Electrolytes: Vital Minerals of Human & Environmental Health Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients White phosphorus and other forms; red is obtained by heating white in water (absence of air) 3-4 days Urine contains certain water-soluble waste products of cellular metabolism. These are: urea - colorless crystalline compound, the primary nitrogen byproduct of protein metabolism in mammals, eliminated through urine. uric acid - a chemical created when the body breaks down purines. Purines are colorless crystalline compounds forming uric acid on oxidation. A buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints can lead to kidney stones and gout. creatinine - from breakdown of creatine, a compound created through protein metabolism and present in living tissue. It helps supply of energy for muscular contraction. Urine has the widest pH range (acidity to alkalinity) of the bodily fluids. According to the American Association for Clinical Chemistry, the normal urine pH range is between 4.5 and 7. Any pH higher than 8 is basic or alkaline, and any under 6 is acidic. Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sweet Wormwood: Malaria Miracle Cure Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria The chemical symbol for phosphorus is P P is the chemical symbol for phosphorus, which alchemist Hennig Brand discovers in his pee. His recipe calls for extreme fermentation of urine, which later is discovered unnecessary. Due to the chemistry and qualities of urine it's often found in alchemical creations. Urine is important to the earth's nitrogen cycle. In balanced ecosystems, urine fertilizes soil, helping plant growth with the elements it contains. In the past, aged or fermented urine (lant) is used in gunpowder, verdigris , household cleaning, tanning leather and dyeing textiles. Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Tellurium (Te): Gold & Dark Matter Nitrogen and Phosphorus improve health of plants Infant's urine or "urine of an uncorrupted youth" appears in ancient alchemy recipes as a source of phosphates and ammonia. For example: Sulfur Water A handful of lime and another of sulfur in fine powder; place them in a vessel containing strong vinegar or the urine of an infant. Heat it from below, until the supernatant liquid appears like blood. Decant this properly in order to separate it from the deposit, and use. Preparation of Emerald Mix and put together in a small jar 1/2 a drachma of copper green, 1/2 a drachma of Armenian blue, 1/2 a cup of the urine of an uncorrupted youth, and two-thirds of the fluid of a steer’s gall. Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity In medical history pee has been used to treat: wounds & abrasions allergies infection & inflammation heart problems nasal congestion acne rash and other skin ailments. Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Casting the Bones - Astragalomancy To treat medical conditions urine is consumed, applied directly or in a poultice or ointment with wood ash (skin afflictions, wounds) or other components depending on the desired effects. The term "urine" is among many names allocated to the prima materia of alchemists. During recent excavations in Rome, archaeologists discover a valuable collection of medical tools at the Forum of Caesar, dating to the Renaissance. Finds include ancient medicine bottles and glass urine flasks. The flasks are used to collect urine samples for diagnostic purposes. Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer A glass matula for collecting urine In medieval Latin texts the glass urine flasks are listed as matulae (sing. matula ), specialized for the practice of urine analysis. Uroscopy is the medical examination of urine to help diagnose a disease or disorder. A uroscopy flask must be transparent glass, as colorations or deformations in the glass can lead to misdiagnosis. The flask is often circular at bottom, and has an opening into which the patient urinates. Examining urine is one of the oldest forms of diagnostic testing. Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Quest for Immortality - Qin Shi Huang Four Humors & Medical Stagnation The temperature of the urine during uroscopy is crucial. After a patient urinates, the pee is naturally warm. It's crucial to maintain the warmth for accurate assessment. The external temperature must match the internal temperature. As urine cools, bubbles therein exhibit changes. Some dissipate while others persist. With decreasing temperature, evaluation of particles and impurities is more difficult. They gather in the center of the container to mix before settling down. Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Doctor keeping the urine warm; flask case lower left Prolonged cooling increases likelihood of crystal bonding, leading to thickening of the urine. Again, this thickening can result in misdiagnosis. Timely urine inspection by doctors is essential. Earliest documented use of uroscopy as a way to identify symptoms of an illness date to the 4th millennium BCE. It becomes common practice in Classical Greece, going back to Hippocrates (c. 460 - 375 BCE). Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Natural Anti-Spasmodic Treatments for Muscle Spasms & Pain Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Medieval Uroscopy Wheel Once outside the body, urine can develop a potent reek due to contamination by bacteria decomposing urea to ammonia . This smell also indicates urinary tract infection. Ancient and medieval physicians use the smell or taste of the patient's urine to help diagnose disease. For instance, a person with diabetes mellitus might have sweet-smelling urine. Diabetic urine has a sweet taste due to excess glucose. Renaissance physician Thomas Willis describes it as "wonderfully sweet as if imbued with honey or sugar." Mad Honey - What's the Buzz? Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Sweet urine can also be linked to kidney issues like kidney stones. Amino acids in urine (a red flag for maple syrup urine disease) can give it a maple syrup-like aroma. Eating asparagus can cause strong odor similar to the smell of the vegetable. It's caused by the body's breakdown of asparagusic acid. Likewise consumption of saffron, alcohol, coffee, tuna fish, and onion can result in telltale scents. Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For George Ripley: Alchemist of Augustine Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Tuna Sushi Spicy foods can have a similar effect. Their compounds pass through the kidneys without being fully broken down before leaving the body. Alcohol can leach phosphorus from the bones. Antacids containing aluminum, calcium, or magnesium can react with the phosphorus in the body and prevent its absorption. Phosphorus maintains a delicate balance with calcium in the bones. If this is affected bones can be brittle or weak. Renaissance Astrology: Power of Stars & Planets Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Alchemy: Hennig Brand's Phosphorus Recipe Let urine stand for days until it gives off a pungent smell. (This step is later found unnecessary. Fresh urine has the same effect). Boil urine to reduce it to a thick syrup. Heat until a red oil distills up from it, and draw that off. Allow the remainder to cool, where it consists of a black spongy upper part and a salty lower part. Discard the salt, mix the red oil back into the black material. Heat that mixture strongly for 16 hours. First white fumes come off, then an oil, then phosphorus. The phosphorus may be passed into cold water to solidify. Uric Acid: Kidney Stones & Peeing on Plants Colors of Alchemy: White Albedo Purification Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Hennig Brand discovers phosphorus (The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus, 1771, Joseph Wright) Uroscopy and diagnosis with the urine wheel continue to permeate medicine until the 19th century, when new exciting knowledge comes to light. The Four Humors theory also prevails until c. 1850 when germs are discovered. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Phosphorus is the first element not known since ancient times. This glowing substance is discovered by German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669, the late European Renaissance , experimenting with body fluids in a quest for chrysopoeia and the Philosopher's Stone . ATP: Nature of Energy & Vital Functions Phosphorus, Uroscopy & Power of Pee Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Some call it the devil's element While working in Hamburg, Brand boils his own urine. He distills the salts left after evaporation and isolates white phosphorus, which glows green on exposure to oxygen. He calls it phosphorus mirabilis  ("miraculous bearer of light"). The name phosphorus from the Greek means 'light-bearer', ' Lucifer ' or 'Morning Star'. It's later called the devil's element because of its name, toxic effects and propensity for bursting into flame. It glows green on oxygen exposure and burns with white smoke when ignited. Noble Rot: Secret of Sumptuous Sweet Wines Electrolytes: Vital Minerals of Human & Environmental Health Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate Hennig Brand discovers phosphorus in 1669, fundametally by distilling his urine (Joseph Wright 1771) In Brand's process he lets urine stand for days until it ferments and gives off a fetid stench. Then he boils it to a paste. He heats the paste to a high temperature, and channels the vapors through water, where he hopes they will condense to gold. Instead, he gets a white, waxy substance. It glows in the dark. He's discovered phosphorus; specifically, ammonium sodium hydrogen phosphate, (NH4)NaHPO4. Urine in Medieval Alchemy & Medicine Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Magnesium (Mg): Ecology & Human Health White, red and less common varieties of phosphorus It takes about 1100 liters [290 gal] of urine to make 60 g of phosphorus. The noxious odor phase can be skipped. Scientists discover fresh urine yields the same amount of phosphorus as fermented urine. Phosphorus enchants scientists and laypeople alike. Occurring in two major forms, red or white, phosphorus seems to have a divine connection. The glow as it oxidizes gives it the appearance of catching and holding light. Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Ammonia: Formation, Hazards & Reactions Exposure to Oxygen Causes Phosphorus to Glow Only the white phosphorus glows when exposed to oxygen. Red phosphorus is created by super-heating white. The phosphorus symbol is a triangle atop a double cross. During the Renaissance (c. 1350 - 1700 AD), alchemy enjoys prosperity and influence in one of several alchemical Golden Ages. The 14th century Italian Renaissance drives revolution in science, art and exploration throughout Europe. Alchemy is patronized by powerful figures. Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Banking patriarch Cosimo de' Medici 1389 - 1464 (Florence) is a patron of alchemy & literature The urine-to-gold gold idea comes from the "golden" color of urine. It's not so far off the mark since all humans contain about 0.2 mg of gold. It helps with vital processes such as signal transmission through the body, and joint health. At first Brand keeps his findings a secret, then caves in and sells them. About the same time, an English alchemist makes a similar discovery, and sources leak information about phosphorus found in urine. It's no longer a secret. Chloroauric Acid: Gold Salts & Extraction Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Phosphorus can be derived from bone ash and bat guano. Before mineral-based extractions, the element comes largely from bone ash (calcium phosphate). This is also used to make fine china or porcelain, hence the name bone china. It's extensively used in plant nutrition, crop health and gardening Phosphorus occurs naturally in the body, necessary for formation of bones and teeth. It aids absorption of elements such as Vitamin D and calcium; and promotes brain functions. It's essential to life but too much of a good thing can be deadly. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Phosphorus caused disease in 19th century match-makers, mostly women Phosphorus is toxic to humans. Once used in match production, it causes rampant sickness among workers and even made some women glow, not in a healthy way. By 1858 reports came of phosphorus necrosis of the jaw, commonly called phossy jaw. Symptoms included abscesses in the mouth, facial disfigurement and death due to brain damage. In severe cases the gums produce a constant glow. The Berne Convention finally bans phosphorus matches in 1906. Uric Acid: Kidney Stones & Peeing on Plants Women Scientists of the Ancient World Tannins: Complex Astringents of Nature phosphorus enriches soil in gardens and industrial agriculture Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Mother of vinegar ( Mycoderma aceti ), is a fascinating compound of life, with a range of health benefits and versatile uses. The Mother appears as a cloudy mass or blob. It's easily visible in bottles of unfiltered vinegar, which are sometimes sold with Mother intact. Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld The Mother of Vinegar is important in health, culinary practices and history of fermentation. A gelatinous substance, it's formed during fermentation of vinegar. It consists mainly of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) and yeast, combining to create a biofilm. The gelatinous membrane appears as a veil or fine web. Mother of Vinegar is a symbiotic culture. This combination aids the fermentation process of transforming alcoholic liquids, like wine or cider, into vinegar. The Mother grows and matures. Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Red & White Tartar: Wine Salts of Alchemy Science of Alchemy: Simple Distillation Process Mother of Vinegar maturing The formation of the Mother of Vinegar also occurs when alcohol undergoes acetic acid fermentation. When there is no oxygen present, yeasts, usually strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae , transform fermentable sugars into ethanol. Conversely, during acetic acid fermentation, acetic acid bacteria (AAB) change ethanol into acetic acid through the action of two enzymes bound in the bacterial membrane. This process is primarily driven by two types of bacteria: Acetobacter and Gluconobacter . The organisms convert ethanol (the alcohol) into acetic acid in the presence of oxygen. The Mother of Vinegar is overall a colony of bacteria and yeast. It helps fermentation and can be reused to start new batches of vinegar. Tartrate Crystals: Secrets of Tartaric Acid Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Mature Mother of Vinegar from apple cider vinegar Formation and Components The Mother of Vinegar forms naturally when vinegar is exposed to air. The acetic acid bacteria proliferate and create the characteristic gelatinous texture of the mother. The main components include: Acetic Acid : The primary ingredient in vinegar that gives it its sour taste. Cellulose : A polysaccharide produced by the acetic acid bacteria that forms the structure of the mother. Yeasts : Although yeast activity diminishes in the presence of acetic acid, they contribute to flavor and can help facilitate fermentation. Probiotics : Beneficial bacteria that can provide health benefits when consumed. Bolus (Bole) of Mendes: Ancient Egyptian Medicine Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Historical Context Use of vinegar goes back millennia, with traces in ancient Babylon, Egypt and Greece. V inegar producers notice the formation of this gelatinous mass during the fermentation process. This leads to understanding the use of the mother to start future batches of vinegar. Health Benefits of Mother of Vinegar The Mother of Vinegar is often acclaimed for its health benefits, largely attributed to its probiotic content. Benefits of vinegar and Mother of Vinegar can include: Digestive Health : The probiotics help support gut health by promoting a balanced microbiome. Blood Sugar Regulation : Studies suggest vinegar can aid in regulating blood sugar levels and improving insulin sensitivity. Antimicrobial Properties : The acidity of vinegar can help kill harmful bacteria and pathogens. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Mordants - Essential Ancient Dye Techniques 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Bottles of Vinegar with "the Mother" Uses of Mother of Vinegar The mother of vinegar is not just a biological curiosity; it has practical applications: Culturing New Vinegar : It can be added to fresh batches of alcohol to initiate vinegar production. Health Tonics : Many people consume it diluted in water or as part of salad dressings. Natural Cleaning Agent : Due to its acidity and antimicrobial properties, it’s a popular choice for natural cleaning products. Flavor Enhancer : It can add depth and complexity to a wide range of foods. Vinegar Eels: The Tiny Residents of Fermented Vinegar Vinegar eels are a type of non-parasitic nematode, Turbatrix aceti . These harmless creatures gather together in bottles of unpasteurized vinegar with the Mother, who provides nutrients. In turn vinegar eels contribute to the health of the vinegar by consuming excess bacteria. 12 Renaissance Medicines & Treatments Vinegar Eels: Life Cycle & Survival in Vinegar Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Vinegar eels and Mother of Vinegar, if present, are usually filtered out before retail sale Mother of Vinegar & Mother of Kombucha Mother of Kombucha, similar to Mother of Vinegar, is a colony of bacteria and yeasts used to ferment sweetened tea. While both Mothers facilitate fermentation, they differ in the liquid they act upon and the final product they produce. Microbial Composition : The mother of vinegar primarily consists of acetic acid bacteria and yeast, whereas the mother of kombucha—known as a SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture Of Bacteria and Yeast)—contains a more diverse array of bacteria, including lactobacillus species, along with yeast like Saccharomyces . Fermentation Process : The mother of vinegar is created from alcohol, typically derived from wine, cider, or other fermented products. In contrast, the mother of kombucha is made from sweetened tea fermented through a combination of yeast and bacteria. Flavor Profiles : Vinegar has a pronounced sour flavor due to its acetic acid content, while kombucha is often slightly sweet, tangy, and effervescent from the fermentation of sugars and additional flavorings. Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Mother of Kombucha, black tea and optional fruit juice Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Magnesium is an element and electrolyte crucial to life on Earth. As the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body, magnesium is essential for maintaining overall health. In nature, plants can't live without it. Electrolytes: Vital Minerals of Human & Environmental Health Natural Anti-Spasmodic Treatments for Muscle Spasms & Pain Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy magnesium metal About Magnesium Magnesium (Mg) is a chemical element with atomic number 12. It is an alkaline earth metal active in the great perspective of the universe itself to microcosmic levels in human health and ecological balance. The eighth most plentiful element in the universe and ninth most abundant in Earth's crust, magnesium has a shiny, silver-white appearance. Natural magnesium is in minerals like dolomite and magnesite, and in seawater. An adult body has 22–26 grams of magnesium. Of this 60% is in the skeleton, 39% is intracellular (20% in skeletal muscle), and 1% extracellular. Flavonoids: Sensory Compounds of Nature Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Women Scientists of the Ancient World Magnesium has low density and a melting point of 650 °C (1,202 °F). It has a relatively low atomic weight of 24.305 g/mol, which makes it one of the lighter elements. Magnesium easily forms compounds with other elements. It's especially reactive in presence of moisture or air. It spontaneously reacts in air to form a protective layer of magnesium oxide (MgO, magnesia). Used in fireworks and flares, magnesium produces bright white light. In compounds, magnesium forms various salts, the most notable being MgO and magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt, MgSO4). Lactic Acid: Natural Process & Human Health Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Yeast: Microbiology of Bread & Food Making Epsom salts Formation of Magnesium In nature, magnesium is primarily obtained from seawater, the mineral ores dolomite , magnesite, carnallite, and sedimentary stone. The most significant source is believed to be the Earth's mantle. Extraction of magnesium from its ores usually involves thermal reduction. In the lab, magnesium can be made though methods like electrolysis of magnesium chloride (MgCl2), or thermal reduction of MgO with carbon. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health dolomite from France In stars, magnesium is created through nuclear fusion, incorporating lighter elements like helium. When stars age and undergo supernova events, magnesium is released into space to become part of new celestial bodies. Functions in Human Health Magnesium is a cofactor in more than 300 enzymatic reactions governing processes such as: Energy Production : Magnesium takes part in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) production, necessary for energy transfer in cells. Muscle Function : It regulates nerve impulses and facilitates muscle contraction and relaxation. Healthy magnesium levels help prevent cramps and spasms. Magnesium ensures proper function in both skeletal and smooth muscles. Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid): Key to Life's Energy Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Bone Health : About 60% of magnesium in the body is stored in bones. It aids in formation of bone structures and works synergistically with calcium and vitamin D. It facilitates the body's uptake of calcium. Cardiovascular Health : Magnesium contributes to heart rhythm, blood pressure regulation, and overall cardiovascular function. It's essential for maintaining a healthy heartbeat. Nervous System Regulation : It helps in neurotransmitter release and may reduce symptoms of anxiety and stress. 19th Century: Home Gym, Bicycles, Antiseptic Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper Poison Hemlock: Herbology & Lore Nature and Environment Magnesium is crucial for ecosystems. Plants need magnesium as part of chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for photosynthesis. Without it, plants can get chlorosis (ie yellowing leaves and stunted growth), and die. In aquatic environments, magnesium contributes to water quality and is involved in processes like nutrient cycling. It can influence the solubility of calcium and other minerals, affecting efficiency of aquatic ecosystems. Level of magnesium in soil can significantly affect agricultural productivity. Crops are stronger with a hit of Mg. Magnesium helps stabilize DNA and RNA structures, affecting genetic expression in plants and animals. Phenols: Nature's Creations in Daily Life Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings baby fish depend on its presence in aquasystems Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency Both plants and humans can suffer from magnesium deficiency. Symptoms include: In Humans: Fatigue and Weakness : Low magnesium levels can lead to a lack of energy. Muscle Cramps or Spasms : Unexplained cramping may suggest a deficiency. Nausea and Vomiting : Gastric disturbances can occur. Mental Health Issues : Anxiety, depression, mood swings and irritability can arise with low magnesium levels. Chronic deficiency leads to severe health issues like osteoporosis and hypertension Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer osteoporosis commonly affects spine, wrists, knees and hips The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for magnesium varies by age and sex but is generally about 400-420 mg for biological men and 310-320 mg for biological women, more if pregnant or breastfeeding. In Plants: Chlorosis : Yellowing of leaves, particularly in older leaves due to a lack of chlorophyll. Leaf Drop : Severe deficiencies can lead to early leaf drop, affecting plant health and yield. Stunted Growth : Overall growth inhibition and reduced fruit production. Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Spores & Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home Chlorosis Symptoms of High Magnesium Levels Excess magnesium can lead to toxicity, though rare in people who consume it as food. High magnesium levels tend to result from supplements or medications. Symptoms include: Diarrhea : magnesium has a laxative effect. Nausea and Vomiting Muscle Weakness : due to over-saturation in the bloodstream. Irregular Heartbeat : in extreme cases, it cause cardio complications. Kidney dysfunction : Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place Milk into Cheese: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Pagan Solstice Fests: Mithras & the Sun In Plants High magnesium levels can interfere with the absorption of other essential nutrients, such as calcium and potassium, leading to nutrient imbalance adversely affecting plant growth. Facts about Magnesium Historical Significance : Magnesium was first isolated in 1808 by British chemist Sir Humphry Davy. Biomineralization : Magnesium is fundamental to creating biogenic minerals like bird eggshells and aquatic shells. Dietary Sources : Spinach, almonds, cashews, whole grains, and legumes are rich sources of this essential mineral. Fireworks : Magnesium is used in pyrotechnics for its bright white light, making it a popular element in fireworks. Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Great Women Artists - Käthe Kollwitz Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Festival of Frau Holle decks the halls from her Feast Day 25 Dec to the 5-6th of January. An ancient German goddess, Frau Holle predates the Norse pantheon and has a complex mythology. She's known by many names including Holla, Holda, Holde, Hulda, Old Mother Frost; and Perchta or Bercht in the south. In the north, Frau Holle is cognate with the Elderberry Mother or Holundermutter. German Traditions - the Linden Tree German Myth - White Ladies & Changelings German Traditions - Gingerbread Houses "Holda, die gütige Beschüzerin" - Holda, the good protectress, Friedrich Wilhelm Heine 1882 Among her many aspects Frau Holle is the patron of spinning and weaving. Her southern sister manifestation Perchta taught humans to spin flax into linen. Frau Holle and Perchta are considered the same person. As noted by scholars Holle's mythology dwindles in the south where Perchta's picks up. A goddess of Light, Frau Holle lives in the clouds. She's also a patron of trees and nature spirits. Perchta lives in a well, which leads to her realm. Perchta, Bright One: German Goddess Drude: Germanic Demon of Darkness Germany: A Little 19th Century History Perchta lives in a well Kind and generous to those who are courteous and work hard, Holle and Perchta can punish those who haven't done their allotted spinning, or who spin during the feast days, which is forbidden. Proper protocol earns a silver coin or two under the pillow. Offenders get their insides ripped out and their bodies stuffed with straw ... according to lore. Bird Woman Elwetritsch: German Folklore Sun Goddesses of World Mythology Herbology & Lore: Rowan (Mountain Ash) So that's where they come from ... Perchta and Holle have different feast days , with Holle's falling on December 25 and Perchta's on January 5-6. They're reflections of each other framing the days. Specifically Frau Holle rules the time of den Zwölften (the Twelve), which has been replaced with the 12 days of Christmas. The twelve days start on the 25, Holle's original Feast Day, and end on 5 Jan, which is a Feast Day of Perchta. It's also the "Twelfth Night" of Shakespeare. As a goddess of both dark and light Frau Holle can also be associated with Solstice. Paints of the Artist's Palette in Renaissance Europe Gouache Painting: Artist Essentials & Art Tips Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Some of today's neo-pagans celebrate Frau Holle's feast from the Solstice Dec 20-21 to the New Year Jan 1. Other celebrations occurring over Solstice and Dec 25 include the Feast of Sun God Mithras , Greek Brumalia and Saturnalia . The Dongzhi Festival takes place in China and indigenous solstice festival Soyal in the southern United States. Bonfires help the Sun warm the Earth and the smoke blesses people and animals who walk through it. Some people mark the Solstice a few days after the event when the difference in the days is noticeable. Pre-Christian Romans celebrate Dec 25 as the Day of the Unconquered Sun . In 354 AD, the Romans invent Christmas. Pagan Solstice Fests: Mithras & the Sun Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth A Viking Christmas Yule Bonfires help the Sun warm the Earth, and chase away demons of darkness Solstice honors the return of light, hope, optimism, coming of spring, reawakening of the Earth. For some it means sowing of crops. For others it's time to chase away the Undead who stalk the long nights. Like many other Yuletide Festivals, the Feast of Frau Holle is a celebration of light. It's marked with candles, bonfires, singing, dancing and general revelry. White, blue and silver are the colors of Frau Holle. She's associated with snow and snowflakes, and has the qualities of a White Lady in folklore. Chicken Soup: Chickens in German Folklore Sun Goddess: Creator to Cannibal Myths Australia Cult of the Bull: Divine Sacrifice A royal white peacock with gold crown She's also an example of opposites in harmony , as Frau Holle has both light and dark aspects. As the Dark Grandmother she receives the spirits of children who die in infancy. She sends them to a place of light. A candle can be lit for remembrance. General Yule celebrations already include plenty of coniferous greenery, so the spirit of nature enters the home. Apples are a symbol of Frau Holle. Apple Strudel and apple decorations make her happy. Apples: Nature, Spirituality & Folklore German Nature Folklore - Fruit Trees Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Apple pie ... mmm She's also associated with the elderberry tree. Domestic harmony sends good vibes. She's a Goddess of Women, an overall Domestic deity and a sky warrior. In her warrior aspect Frau Holle is a Lady of Light. A powerful goddess, she's later associated with witches and witchcraft in attempts to undermine her influence. Up until modern times witches and witchcraft are synonymous with evil, with no concept of "good witches" as today. Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic House Spirits of Germanic Mythology Dancing in the Light Tales of Frau Holle riding around on a spindle leading hordes of women on diabolical revels echo the stories of the Dionysian mysteries, in which women were said to leave their husbands and families to get drunk and party in the hills. In Deutschland it's Hexennacht or Witches' Night, aka Walpurgis Night. The witches party up on the Brocken in the Harz Mountains. Frau Holle has been equated with Roman Goddess Diana and Norse Frigg, especially in overlapping regions. In the Lora Ley novella The Wild Hunt , the three goddesses join in leadership before the forces of chaos triumph. (Of course Lora and Wolf end up in the midst of it all. Meanwhile, vegan Norwegian Brook Horse Skoldt gets a summons from home.) Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry Wolpertinger - German Myths & Folklore Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore The Wild Hunt - A Novella Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Amino acids are organic compounds. They create long chains of proteins and have essential functions in many biological processes. Amino acids are often called building blocks of life. Here's their reason for being. Flavonoids: Sensory Compounds of Nature Cheese Making: Rennet & Natural Alternatives Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making About Amino Acids Amino acids consist of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. A group of standard amino acids are genetically coded in humans and other organisms. These can form over 100,000 combinations in the body. Amino acids contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Over 500 amino acids exist in nature. Most important are 22 α-amino acids incorporated into proteins. Only these 22 appear in the genetic code of life. Flavonoids: the Big Five of Aroma, Flavor & Color ATP: Nature of Energy & Vital Functions Tannins: Complex Astringents of Nature Amino acids can be categorized into three main groups: Essential Amino Acids : These cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained through the diet. There are nine essential amino acids: lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, valine, and histidine. Non-Essential Amino Acids : These can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be obtained from food. Examples include alanine, asparagine, and glutamic acid. Conditionally Essential Amino Acids : These are usually non-essential but may become essential under certain physiological conditions, such as stress or illness. Examples include arginine and glutamine. Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health Catalase: Unseen Enzymes Essential to Life Peracetic Acid: Origin, Reactions, Hazards They are the foundational units of proteins, forming chains with different functions within bodies. Essential amino acids can't be created by the body and must be obtained from food. Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized internally. Among the essential amino acids, leucine, valine, and lysine are used in muscle protein synthesis. Leucine may facilitate synthesis by up to 30%. Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Lactobacillus : Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria How Amino Acids Are Made Biosynthesis : Non-essential amino acids are synthesized through the body's metabolic pathways from simpler compounds. Alanine can be produced from pyruvate , a key intermediate in the glycolysis process. Dietary Intake : Essential amino acids must be obtained from food and drink. High-protein nourishment like meat, fish, eggs, dairy, and plant-based sources like quinoa and soy contain these essential amino acids. Wild Yeast: Microbes Acting Naturally Bdellovibrio : Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Decomposition : In nature, amino acids are formed through protein breakdown by microorganisms or enzymes. This process in ecosystems decomposes organic matter to enrich the soil with nutrients. Purpose of Amino Acids Protein Synthesis : The primary role of amino acids is protein synthesis. Proteins are vital for structural integrity in cells, tissues, and organs. When amino acids link together through peptide bonds, they form polypeptides. Peptides are short chains of amino acids. A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Polypeptides with a molecular mass of 10,000 Da or more are proteins. Phenols: Nature's Creations in Daily Life Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose This process is integral to cell structure, enzyme function and muscle repair. For example hemoglobin, the oxygen-transport protein in red blood cells, is made of multiple amino acids arranged in a specific sequence. Each protein's specific function is determined by its unique amino acid sequence. Collagen, making up about 30% of the body's protein, relies on amino acids like glycine and proline for its formation. White Lead Toxic Beauty, Art, Ancient Production Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Metabolic Regulation : Many amino acids are precursors for important biological molecules. For instance, tryptophan is a precursor for serotonin, a mood regulating neurotransmitter. Low tryptophan levels may intensify mood disorders. Phenylalanine, an amino acid found in mammalian milk, is converted to tyrosine. This in turn is used to create neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine. Hormone Regulation : Insulin controls blood sugar levels. It consists of a specific chain of amino acids. An imbalance in amino acid levels can affect hormone secretion and overall metabolism. Mold: Cultivation & Use in Food Fermentation Difference Between Pickling & Fermentation Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Energy Production : Under certain conditions, amino acids can be broken down for energy. The body can convert amino acids to glucose through gluconeogenesis or oxidize them in the Krebs cycle to produce ATP . Immune Function : Amino acids like glutamine and arginine are important in immune function. Glutamine serves as a fuel source for rapidly dividing immune cells and is needed especially during periods of stress or illness. Lactic Acid Fermentation: Beneficial Bacteria Yeast & Vineyard Microbes: Flavors of Wine Women Scientists of the Ancient World Some Important Amino Acids 1. Leucine Leucine is an amino acid important for muscle growth and repair. It activates the mTOR pathway, critical for protein synthesis. Leucine can increase muscle mass 7% to 10% over a few weeks. 2. Glutamine Glutamine is vital for maintaining a healthy immune system. It's fuel for intestinal cells and is especially needed in recovery from intense exercise. Supplementing with glutamine may reduce muscle soreness. Hanseniaspora : Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation Foodborne Fungi and Mold: Facts & Dangers 3. Glycine Glycine is the simplest amino acid. It's essential in collagen formation =for skin, joints, and connective tissues. Glycine has been linked to improved sleep quality. Quick Facts About Amino Acids Diversity of Functions : Amino acids are versatile and can act as precursors for hormones, neurotransmitters, and other bioactive molecules. Some amino acids also participate in the synthesis of nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Cornstarch: Cuisine, Beauty, Cleaning Uses Unique Side Chains : The unique characteristics of each amino acid stem from its side chain (R group). For example, the presence of sulfur in cysteine allows it to form disulfide bridges, which stabilize protein structures. Taste and Umami : Some amino acids, particularly glutamate, are responsible for the savory taste known as umami. This discovery led to use of monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a flavor enhancer in many foods. Historical Importance : The first amino acid to be discovered, asparagine, is isolated from asparagus. It's identified in 1806. Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits Lactase: Nutrition & the Milk Sugar Enzyme Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place Clinical Relevance : Certain amino acids have therapeutic properties. For instance, branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) – leucine, isoleucine, and valine – are often taken as supplements to support muscle recovery and reduce exercise fatigue. Biodiversity : The human body can create over 100,000 distinct proteins, each made up of various combinations of the 20 amino acids. Dietary Sources : Essential amino acids can be found in foods like meat, dairy, eggs, legumes, and nuts. Pasteurization: Microbial Dominance & Destruction Hanseniaspora : Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health Plant-Based Sources : Vegans and vegetarians can consume a range of plant foods to get enough essential amino acids. Pairing beans with rice or hummus with pita can create a complete amino acid profile. Longevity & Aging : Research suggests certain amino acids, like leucine and arginine, may enhance longevity and reduce aging effects. 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Nüwa: Chinese Primordial Snake Goddess Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Tannenbaum is often equated with Christmas tree. Fir is best for the holidays. Its branches have flat soft foliage, it's easy to hang ornaments. Needles don't shed when they dry out, but cling to branches with natural suction cups. Pagan Christmas Yule Fests: Frau Holle Belsnickel - German Yule Ghoul Tannins: Complex Astringents of Nature If at the market looking for a Yule tree or Christmas tree, one way to tell which is fir is to take a needle and roll it between finger and thumb. If it rolls easily it's pine or spruce. If it's flat and doesn't roll well, it's fir (Douglas fir isn't a real fir tree). In German Tannenbaum is fir tree, and Christmas tree is Weinachtsbaum, or Tree of the Consecrated Night(s) . In the US, Fir Tree Appreciation Day is June 18, close to the Spring Equinox. Perchta, Bright One: German Goddess Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Warrior Queen: Kriemhild of the Burgundians Fir Branch bejeweled with water drops The song O Tannenbaum , a favorite Christmas tune, is an ode to the everlasting greenery of the fir tree. Balsam is originally native to North America, silver fir to Europe. The common English name fir originates with the Old Norse, fyri, or the Old Danish, fyr. Fir trees are often found on north-facing slopes. The tops are neat cone shapes, unlike spruce and pine which have scraggly tops. The Many Faces of Frau Holle Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Fir Trees on a North Slope with nice neat tops The preferred trees for scent and evergreen charm are the balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) and silver fir ( Abies amabilis ). Fresh woodsy scents lift mood and harmonize thoughts. Tree tannins have antibacterial properties to combat bad smells such as body odor. In folk medicine, fir oil as aromatherapy or rub can be used to treat respiratory infections sore throat fatigue arthritis feelings of stress The buds, resin, and/or sap are used in folk remedies for treating cancers, corns, and warts. In sachets, fir is said to bring peaceful dreams. The spiritual meaning of fir includes determination, honesty, endurance, joy and hope. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Bird Woman Elwetritsch: German Folklore Pagan Solstice Fests: Mithras & the Sun Here comes Hope with some joy Unlike pine trees, firs don't drop their cones. Cones usually grow in the upper third of the tree. They stand upright like candles. Instead of falling the cones disintegrate and the seeds are blown away by the wind, if not eaten by squirrels. The spirit of Yule inspires celebration throughout the land. The custom of bringing evergreen branches into the home is ancient. Evergreens symbolize the continuance of life. Branches are decorated with fruit, candy, small gifts and ornaments. Gingerbread Houses: German Folklore German Traditions - the Linden Tree 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King People tie ribbons or bits of cloth to the branches to represent wishes . Candy canes  as decorations and treats first appear in the 17th century in Cologne, Germany. Greenery such as holly may come from the Roman tradition of Saturnalia  Dec 17-23 and the Day of the Unconquered Sun (Sol Invictus) Dec 25, or pagan Germanic traditions. Romans celebrate the return of the sun a few days after solstice when longer days are noticeable. Pretty Poisons: Holly, Yew, Mistletoe Eschenfrau: Wicked Ash Tree Woman German Myth - White Ladies & Changelings Roman Day of the Unconquered or Invincible Sun is Dec 25 While wreaths aren't officially part of seasonal festivities until the 16th century, the wreath in pagan times incorporates the energy of the circle, symbolizes the wheel and cycles of life, and acts as a containing vessel for positive energy. Fir wood decays quickly and infuses the earth with nutrients. It's a fertile bed for soil-enriching fungi including oyster mushrooms. The wood's too soft to make good timber. Like cedar, fir wood can be used to freshen closets. It's good starter wood for bonfires. Fir wood has freshening and insect repellent properties. It's thought to be effective against the black-legged tick which causes Lyme disease. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Chocolate is one of the world's most beloved indulgences. The journey from cacao bean to chocolate bar is a series of artful processes, many unnoticed. Fermentation with yeast and beneficial bacteria is one of them, strongly influencing the flavor profile of chocolate. Brettanomyces: Favorite Artisan Wild Yeast Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses Cacao bean pods The Cacao Harvesting Process Cacao trees love tropical climates. The ripe fruits, or cacao pods, are harvested by hand, with skill and machetes. Inside each pod are cacao beans, surrounded by a sweet, fragrant white pulp. The pulp is needed for the fermentation process. After extraction, the beans, still coated in pulp, are put in shallow containers and covered with banana leaves. There, they ferment for several days. Isolate Yeast & LAB Strains for Artisan Flavors Krausen (Kräusen): Bubbles of Brewing Success Wild Yeast: Microbes Acting Naturally Inside the pod Fermentation is a process of many microorganisms, primarily yeast and bacteria, to break down sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. In chocolate production, fermentation is essential as it helps transform the bitter raw cacao beans into flavorful ingredients. Naturally occurring microorganisms such as wild yeast get active. Wild yeast is easily seen on the surface of ripe fruit such as grapes and plums as a white film. It's also friendly with grains like barley. Attracted by accelerated fructose sugar production as fruit reaches its apex of growth, wild yeast exists on skins of almost all ripe fruit, ready for its moment as feature fermenter. It's often accompanied by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and acetic acid bacteria . Binary Fission: Speedy Microbe Reproduction Killer Yeast: Assassins of the Microworld Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation In the fermentation process temperature rises and flavor compounds develop fully. The bean dies and its cell walls collapse, which lets the tastes deepen. Fermentation affects chocolate flavor in several ways: Flavor Development : The process creates a variety of volatile compounds to enhance the chocolate's flavor complexity. For example, the breakdown of sugars can lead to the formation of esters, which contribute fruity notes. Bitterness Reduction : The fermentation process helps reduce the inherent bitterness of raw cacao beans, making them palatable. Aroma Formation : Fermentation is a phase of development for aromatic compounds, creating the characteristic irresistible scent of chocolate. Milk into Cheese: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter fermenting cacao beneath banana leaves In three days, a batch of cacao beans lowers sugar levels by up to 80% through fermentation, making way for complex flavors. Yeast consumes the sugars in the pulp, converting them into alcohols, esters, phenols and compounds responsible for fine chocolate's rich taste. While the pulp around them is sweet the beans are hard and bitter. Without fermentation, cacao beans are not edible. Happy is the human who first stumbles across this miracle of nature, over 5000 years ago in Ecuador. Yeast: Microbiology of Bread & Food Making Bdellovibrio: Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria How Yeast Transforms Sugars to Booze Yeast in Fermentation Yeast’s natural abilities are key to the transformation. Yeast helps initiate the fermentation process and contributes to development of flavor compounds. Several yeast species may be used during the fermentation of cacao. The most common is Saccharomyces cerevisiae and various wild yeast strains, such as Candida milleri, Hanseniaspora uvarum and Pichia . Each yeast contributes distinct flavor profiles and aromas to the final product. Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Difference Between Gram-Negative & Gram-Positive Bacteria Spores & Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast S. cerevisiae reproduces by budding. Fermentation begins when there are enough yeast cells. Saccharomyces cerevisiae , known for its use in brewing and baking, can enhance the fruity and floral notes of chocolate. Fermentation processes differ in different regions, including use of local wild yeast. For example, the famed Criollo cacao variety, known for its delicate flavor profile, relies on the fermentation process to bring out its subtle notes of red fruits and floral undertones. In contrast, Forastero cacao, more robust and common in mass-produced chocolate, benefits from fermentation to mellow its inherent bitterness and add complex flavors. Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Mysteries of Bona Dea: Women's Rites in Ancient Rome Chocolate dusted with chocolate In this environment yeast works with lactic acid bacteria (LAB), much as it does in bread making. Yeast can't digest lactose, but LAB can. The bacteria produce lactic acid, for a pleasant tart taste, balancing flavors and contributing to chocolate's compound notes. Depending on factors like fermentation duration, which is typically 5 to 7 days, the resulting profile can include fruity, floral, and earthy tones. A well-executed fermentation can even increase the perceived sweetness of chocolate by around 15%. Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice German House Spirits: Beer Donkey (Bieresel) Kakia: Greek Goddess of Vice & Abominations chocolate cake - mmmm Chocolate from Madagascar is celebrated for its bright berry-like flavors. This unique character comes from its specific yeast and bacterial cultures during fermentation. Conversely, Venezuelan chocolates are known for deep, rich flavors with nutty and earthy undertones. Tasting notes may include hints of roasted nuts or herbs, which stem directly from regional fermentation conditions. Fermentation also impacts how cacao interacts with other chocolate-making processes. Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Facts About Chocolate Fermentation Time Matters : The fermentation process typically lasts between 5 to 7 days, depending on the climate and desired flavor profile. Factors such as temperature, humidity, and even the specific yeast strains present can influence the final outcome. Microbial Ecosystem : The fermentation of cacao beans is a collaborative process involving not just yeast, but also lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria. This microbial ecosystem works together to create the perfect conditions for flavor development. Impact on Quality : The quality of fermentation directly impacts the price and quality of the chocolate. Chocolatiers often emphasize sourcing from farms that prioritize careful fermentation processes to ensure high-quality beans. Cultural Heritage : In many cacao-growing regions, the fermentation process is steeped in tradition and cultural significance, with local practices and knowledge passed down through generations. Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Women Scientists of the Ancient World Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine chocolate strawberries - refreshing Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Pistacia is a shrub or tree prized for food , resin, tannins, oils and natural turpentine for thousands of years in the Mediterranean lands. Pistacia species provide mastic gum or lentik; edible nuts, oils, and turpentine as found in the Bronze Age Uluburun shipwreck . Tannins: Complex Astringents of Nature Figs - Food of the Ancient World Tanning Hides - Ancient Techniques Pistachio sweet delight The genus Pistacia is a member of the cashew or sumac family Anacardiaceae . Different species of Pistacia are cultivated for food, oils and resin. They include P. vera , source of the pistachio nut P. lentiscus , source of mastic resin P. terebinthus , source of terebinth resin, ancient turpentine P. atlantica, wild relative of P. terebinthus, resin & turpentine source According to botanical archaeologists pistachio is first domesticated c. 8000 years ago. Cultivation includes seed selection for hardy trees with abundant resin or nuts. The pistachio tree originates in the region later called Persia, or today's Iran. Pomegranate - Food of the Ancients Eschenfrau: Wicked Ash Tree Woman Tanning Hides - the Ancient Process Pistacia vera (Pistachio nut) Called a nut, the fruit is technically a drupe like peaches, cherries, pecans, cashew, almond and sloe (blackthorn). A skin, which may be thick and fleshy (peach) or brittle and thin (almond), surrounds the seed. Drupe shouldn't be confused with Drude , a demonic German spirit. The seed is considered a culinary nut, as compared to a botanical or true nut. True nuts include acorn, hazelnut and chestnuts. Pretty Poisons: Holly, Yew, Mistletoe Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore pistachio nuts Pistachio nuts have hard cream-colored shells. Within, mauve skin surrounds the elongated seed. The light green seed can vary in taste from semi-sweet, nutty, earthy, woody or herbaceous depending on the freshness and seed type. When pistachio fruit ripens, the shell changes from green to pale and splits partly open with an audible pop, known as dehiscence. This trait has been cultivated by humans. Each mature pistachio tree averages around 50 kg (110 lb) of seeds, or c. 50,000 every two years. Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans A sprinkle of pistachio Pistacia is high in potassium, fiber and fat. While today many fear fat, it's important in the ancient world to combat sickness, malnutrition and for skin health. The plant-based fat of pistachio is monounsaturated, which helps lower cholesterol and reduce risk of stroke. Pistacia lentiscus (lentisk or mastic) P. lentiscus is especially cultivated for its resin, known as lentisk or mastic, on the Greek island of Chios and around the Turkish site Çeşme. An evergreen, the plant grows up to 5 m (16 ft) high, with a strong resin scent. It's often in the company of periwinkle (myrtle) or sloe. Periwinkle: Magic & Medicine of Europe Milk into Cheese: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Island of Chios Pistacia lentiscus can form hybrids with Pistacia terebinthus where the two species intersect . The latter prefers higher alpine regions, while P. lentiscus is closer to the Mediterranean coast. The aromatic pale resin, mastic , is harvested from trees on the island of Chios in the Aegean, where it's also called "Chios tears". Originally liquid, it hardens when the weather gets cold into drops of hard, brittle and translucent resin. Myrrh - Mystique, Death & Divinity Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine Bitumen - Tarry Trade in Perfect Pitch Clear resin drips from a tree When chewed, the resin softens and becomes a bright white and opaque gum . As chewing gum mastic resin is cultivated since the late Bronze Age. Flavor and fragrance are described as "strong, slightly smoky, resiny aroma". Mastic oil is used to treat skin disorders. Pistacia terebinthus (terebinth, turpentine tree) The word turpentine is first used in reference to resin of terebinth trees ( P. terebinthus and relatves such as P. atlantica ). Also called Chios or Cyprian turpentine, it later means crude turpentine ( oleoresin ) and the oil of turpentine ( essential oil ) of conifer trees. Sailing - Bronze Age Sails & Sailcloth Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Ebers Papyrus Pistacia and blackthorn berries P. terebinthus  has a limited amount of resin and not all trees produce. The main sources are restricted, and P. terebinthus resin commands top price. Today most terebinth turpentine comes from a close relative, P. atlantica . Pistacia atlantica (Atlas pistachio; Cyprus, Persian, Atlantic Turpentine) Pistacia atlantica is a deciduous tree up to 7 m (23 ft) tall with dense spreading branches. The oblong, fleshy, oily fruit of the female tree is up to 8 mm (0.31 in) long and pink ripening to blue. The tree grows slowly, and can live as long as a thousand years. Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Cress, Watercress: Natural Health of Ancients Pistacia atlantica or terebinth in Elah Valley, Israel (credit: Davidbena) It's native to part of Eurasia and once common. This wild pistachio is the most economically important tree in many parts of the Kurdish regions, including the Zagros Mountains , where it is managed as a valuable forest tree. The resin and fruit oil are used in folk medicine. The resin, known in Iran as saqez , is still an important commodity. Essential oils are used in perfume. Bright red leaf galls caused by aphids are rich in tannins, providing raw material for tanning in the leather industry. Plant Lore: Stinking Nightshade, Henbane Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Tannery in Morocco The tannins in leaf galls are especially prized in the ancient world. The tree produces tannins to protection from insects and help healing. Tannins gather where insects infest the tree, forming galls. Oak galls are used to make black dye in antiquity and medieval times. The resin of the tree is also called Cyprus turpentine or Cyprus balsam and used to make chewing gum in Cyprus. In medicine it's considered to have strong antimicrobial and antifungal properties. Tannenbaum - About the Yule Fir Tree Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life The sap is dried and burned as incense. The smoke releases a pleasant ambient scent. It's used in celebrations and religious ceremonies. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top