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Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) work to help transform milk into cheese, creating unique flavors and textures. They ferment sugars, mainly lactose, to produce lactic acid. Earliest evidence of cheese making is c. 5500 BCE. Here's a quick look at LAB in cheese production. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation Binary Fission: Speedy Microbe Reproduction Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Overall, cheese is very easy to make. Lactic acid bacteria already present in milk, or arriving airborne, do the job themselves at room temperature. They convert milk to curds (solids) and whey (liquid). Drain off the whey, salt the curd as desired and enjoy. Whey contains most of the lactose, which is significantly depleted in the cheese. For firmer cheese press the curd a short time. Beyond that, there are several considerations in cheese making. Lactic acid bacteria are a diverse group of gram-positive bacteria. Common genera of LAB include Lactococcus , Lactobacillus , Streptococcus , and Leuconostoc . These microorganisms are are also found in creation of other fermented products such as pickles, yogurt and salami. Difference Between Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Wild Yeast: Microbes Acting Naturally yogurt In cheese production, LAB have multiple functions, including: Fermentation :  Fermentation by LAB converts the natural sugars in milk into lactic acid. This conversion helps the milk to coagulate by lowering pH , and contributes significantly to the flavor profile. Coagulation : As lactic acid accumulates, the milk proteins, mainly casein begin, to coagulate or clump together. Coagulation separates solid curds from liquid whey. Flavor Development : The metabolic activities of LAB during fermentation contribute to the flavor and aroma of the final cheese product. They produce byproducts such as diacetyl and acetaldehyde, for unique tastes and aromas. Texture Formation : LAB contribute to the texture of cheese through the breakdown of proteins and fats during fermentation. Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Much experimentation goes into the perfect cheese. Strains of bacteria and environmental influences affect the final product. Artisans and cheese engineers experiment with a wide number of factors including temperatures, humidity, age, milk source and fermentation type. Making Cheese From LAB 1. Milk Selection and Preparation The milk can come from various animals such as cows, goats, sheep or buffalo. It's usually pasteurized or exposed to high heat to eliminate possible harmful pathogens. B. Linens Bacterium: Big Cheese of B.O. Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Butter - Food of Peasants & Barbarians source of milk The most common method of pasteurization is High Temperature Short Time (HTST) pasteurization, using metal plates and hot water to raise milk temperatures to at least 72°C (161°F) for not less than 15 seconds. This is followed by rapid cooling. While thermophilic LAB strains can tolerate temperatures up to 65°C (149°F), heat stress above 50°C (122°F) is harmful to most LAB. The heat kills any bacteria present, and rapid cooling prevents microscopic organisms from colonizing as in slow cooling. Amazing Yeast: Feeding, Breeding & Biofilms Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer 2. Inoculation with Starter Cultures Once the milk is ready, specific strains of lactic acid bacteria are introduced as starter cultures. These cultures can be either mesophilic (existing in moderate temperatures) or thermophilic (high temperatures), depending on the type of cheese being made. Mesophilic This cheese culture is optimal for use in moderate temperatures, up to 32°C (90°F). It's used in production of hard cheeses like Monterey, cheddar, gouda, Havarti and edam. Mesophilic is also the more prevalent of the two cultures, used for cheese sensitive to high heat. Spores & Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Red & White Tartar: Wine Salts of Alchemy Cheddar on a cheeseburger - orange cheddar cheese is colored with annatto, the fruit of the achiote tree Thermophilic This cheese culture is most active at warmer temperatures ranging from 20°- 52°C (68 - 125°F) as it consists of heat-loving bacteria. It's used in production of cheese such as mozzarella, provolone, Swiss, parmesan and Romano. Starter cultures are concentrated amounts of specific LAB strains. Once the cultures are mixed into the milk, the LAB multiply rapidly, encouraged by the warmth and a rich supply of lactose. Milk & Dairy: Ancient Lactose Gene Scheele's Green: History's Most Toxic Pigment Oil-Dwelling Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast & Mold Parmesan cheese on a grater 3. Coagulation  As they consume lactose, LAB produce lactic acid, significantly lowering the milk's pH to more acidic. This shift in pH initiates coagulation. During curdling, the proteins in milk start to cluster, forming curds while separating from the liquid whey. Success of this step is crucial; improper curdling can lead to poor-quality cheese, while optimal conditions yield a desirable product. In many cheese recipes rennet (an enzyme) is added to accelerate this process. Bdellovibrio : Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria Colorful World of Bacteria - Color Producers Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper Cover developing curds to avoid contamination from unseen airborne microbes The collaboration of rennet and lactic acid bacteria turns milk into a thick gel or curd. After allowing the curds to rest, cheese makers cut the curds to drain whey effectively. The size of cuts can vary; smaller cuts result in drier cheeses. Larger cuts retain moisture, creating softer varieties. For example, when making mozzarella, curds may be cut into larger pieces to keep the moisture content high. Silent Destroyers: Microbes of Concrete Corrosion Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Irrwurz or Mad Root: German Folklore Making Mozzarella 4. Draining the Whey The cut curds are then gently heated and stirred to encourage further whey expulsion. The whey is drained away, leaving behind the solid curds. Depending on the type of cheese, this step can vary significantly. Straining through a clean cloth is a common method. Once whey has been drained, the curds are often gently heated and stirred. This practice encourages the release of additional whey until achieving the ideal consistency. Sweet whey is a byproduct from manufacture of rennet types of hard cheese, like cheddar or Swiss. Acid whey is also referred to as sour whey. It's a byproduct in the making of acidic dairy products like strained yogurt. Artisan Perfumery: Four Degrees of Fragrance Bacteria & Archaea: Differences & Similarities Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Whey - often used in protein drinks 5. Salting and Flavor Development After draining the whey, the curds may be salted. This step serves several purposes: it enhances flavor, acts as a preservative, and helps regulate moisture content. The salt can also influence activity of the lactic acid bacteria, contributing to flavor and texture of the cheese. Salting is a critical final step in cheese-making, providing flavor enhancement, moisture control, and preservation. Proper salting is essential, as it directly influences the growth of bacteria and the overall maturation process. Salt acidifies the mix and repels pathogenic bacteria. Beneficial Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii can survive at 4 and 6% salt (NaCl) levels. Their isolates can ferment sugars such as lactose xylose, glucose, sucrose and fructose. Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Solnitsata - Neolithic Salt Trade Town Yeast: Microbiology of Bread & Food Making rock salt - crystal salt 6. Pressing Following this, the curds are pressed into molds, allowing them to take specific shapes and further expel whey. The pressure applied during this phase influences the cheese’s final texture and firmness. Soft cheeses like feta need minimal pressing. Harder cheeses such as gouda may be pressed for several hours to create a denser body. GI Yeast Hunter: Bacteroides thetaiotomicron Predators of the Microworld: Vampirovibrio  & Lysobacter How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Chunky feta cheese in salad 7. Aging (Maturation) Some cheeses are consumed fresh, while others undergo a maturation process, during which they develop more complex flavors and textures. During aging, the LAB continue to work on the curds, breaking down proteins and fats to enhance overall taste and aroma of the cheese. The specific conditions of aging, such as temperature and humidity, play a crucial role in determining the final characteristics of the cheese. Aging can last from a few weeks for fresh cheeses like queso blanco to several years for aged varieties like Parmigiano-Reggiano. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Wine & Cheese in Switzerland Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

De-orbiting is the controlled descent and re-entry of satellites into Earth’s atmosphere. Methods include propulsion systems and solar sails. Satellites and makers face problems such as legalities and space junk potential. Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back De-orbiting is intended to reduce space debris and protect safety of other satellites and future missions. The process maneuvers a satellite from its operational orbit into a trajectory leading back to Earth. Without proper de-orbiting, satellites can become space debris. Space junk is a growing problem. According to the European Space Agency over 36,000 pieces of debris larger than 10 cm currently orbit Earth. Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials What Robots Need to Function & Survive Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Methods to De-orbit Satellites De-orbiting is a carefully executed event designed to remove a satellite from orbit and into the Earth's atmosphere. The goal of de-orbiting is to ensure the satellite burns up upon re-entry or lands in a designated area. Controlled Re-entry This is the most precise and preferred method. Onboard propulsion systems or thrusters carefully lower the satellite's orbit, targeting a specific re-entry point. This is usually over a remote area of the ocean. The South Pacific Ocean Uninhabited Area (SPOUA) is also known as the "spacecraft cemetery." Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics How Astronauts Breathe in Space Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Controlled re-entry systems may involve parachutes or heat shields to guide the descent. This hopes to ensure fragments land in regions uninhabited by people. For instance NASA's decommissioned Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite is dumped into the ocean after controlled re-entry in 2011. It can add to debris like the 11 million tons of plastic entering the ocean annually. Atmospheric Drag Augmentation For satellites lacking sufficient onboard propulsion, drag augmentation devices like inflatable balloons or large sails can be deployed. These devices increase surface area and atmospheric drag to accelerate descent. Solar Panels & Batteries in Space How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses seafaring sails This method relies on the natural slowing effect of the Earth's atmosphere at lower altitudes. Solar sails use solar radiation pressure to create drag. By deploying a large reflective surface, satellites slow their orbits gradually. For example, experiments with solar sails indicate that they may reduce a satellite's orbital decay time by 30-50%, eventually leading to re-entry into the atmosphere. How Solar Panels Work Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals These absorb and convert sunlight to create energy and propel the spacecraft forward. The LightSail 2 mission by The Planetary Society uses solar sails for power. Propulsion System Most satellites have propulsion systems for orbit adjustments. When de-orbiting, these systems activate to slow the satellite down, enabling it to descend into the atmosphere. The propulsion system on many satellites can use chemical fuel to decrease speed by up to 10%, causing them to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere. There, the heat generated by friction makes them burn up. Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Agriculture: Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis Fulminating Gold: Blowing It Up in Alchemy Disintegration of satellites in the atmosphere at the end of their lives may minimize the amount of space debris. This process however releases satellite ash into the Earth's middle atmospheric layers. This metallic ash can damage the atmosphere and affect the climate. With more space creations burning up daily, atmospheric ash accumulation is an environmental concern. Tethers Electrodynamic tethers (EDTs) are long cables extended from the satellite. They interact with Earth’s magnetic field to create drag. Nickel (Ni): Metallurgy Facts & Folklore Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Cell Communication in Living Organisms Tethered satellite launch, NASA Electrodynamic tethers work on electromagnetic principles. They can act as generators by transforming kinetic energy into electrical energy, or as motors by converting electrical energy into kinetic energy. In a tether propulsion system, craft can use long, strong conductors to change the spacecraft orbits. When direct current is applied to the tether, it exerts a Lorentz force against the magnetic field. The tether then exerts force on the vessel. It either accelerate or brake an orbiting spacecraft. Space tethers have been deployed in space missions, and are used for testing and research. Seven Trace Minerals: Nature's Little Helpers Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Ground Control Ground teams monitor the satellite's position, calculate maneuvers, and send commands. Ground-based radar and optical telescopes track satellites and debris, providing data for de-orbit planning. Mission End-of-Life (EOL) Planning:  This involves designing spacecraft with features that facilitate de-orbiting, such as: Sufficient Propellant: So enough fuel is available at end of mission for a controlled de-orbit maneuver. Passive De-orbit Mechanisms: Integrating systems to automatically trigger de-orbiting without requiring active control, like inflatable drag sails. Design for Demise: Selecting materials and designing the spacecraft to maximize its chances of completely burning up during re-entry. Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities Cyanobacteria: Nutrients & Bacterial Blooms Pasteurization: Microbial Dominance & Destruction A space object usually has to weigh over 1000 kg (1 ton) to partially survive re-entry. That's about as heavy as a rhinoceros, and includes abandoned satellites, space stations and rocket bodies. Of these, only small fragments are likely to hit the ground. NASA catalogues an average of piece of debris returning to Earth daily over the past 50 years. Zinc (Zn): Technology, Nature & Health Citric Acid: Nature, Health & Science Oxidation: Metabolism & Molecular Action Successful De-orbits Numerous satellites from various space agencies have been strategically brought down to Earth through controlled re-entry. The European Space Agency's (ESA) Aeolus wind observation satellite uses assisted re-entry techniques to steer satellites back to Earth when needed. The intentional de-orbiting of the Envisat satellite in 2012 is one example. India's RESOURCESAT-1, launched in 2003 and decommissioned in 2018, is a successful de-orbit as its propulsion system guides it through controlled re-entry. It's considered to completely burn up upon entering the atmosphere, leaving no obvious debris. Metalloproteins: Biochemistry of Nature & Health Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment Silent Destroyers: Microbial Corrosion of Concrete Starlink Satellites: Each Starlink satellite is programmed to re-enter the Earth's atmosphere at the end of its operational life, where it flamboyantly burns up. This happens at a rate of four to five a day. 7,821 Starlinks are thus far launched. 817 are retired to reentry, including some which failed at birth. In the month of January 2025, 120 Starlink satellites re-entered Earth's atmosphere. New Rules for Satellite Launches After September 2024 Growing concerns about space debris have led to stricter regulations. From September 2024, many space agencies require every new satellite to have a de-orbit plan within five years of the end of its mission. Reduction in Chemistry: Gaining Electrons Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes This hopes to clear low Earth orbit more quickly and reduce accumulation of debris. Violators are refused launch permission. Before Sept 2024 satellites were required to de-orbit within 25 years of the end of mission. Satellites further from Earth are often sent deeper into space as a way of disposal, another space junk mitigation challenge. Problems Faced in Satellite De-orbit Cost: Retrofitting existing satellites with de-orbiting capabilities is expensive, and even designing it into new satellites adds to the overall mission cost. Heavy Metals Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium & Arsenic Sacred Geometry: Insight to the Mysteries Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar Technical Complexity: Executing precise de-orbit maneuvers requires sophisticated control systems, accurate tracking data, and reliable propulsion. Propellant Limitations: Many older satellites lack sufficient propellant to perform a controlled re-entry, forcing reliance on less predictable methods like atmospheric drag. About 40% of satellites in orbit have propulsion systems over 15 years old. The equipment might not work as desired during de-orbit phases. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Satellite Failures: If a satellite fails before its planned de-orbit, it becomes an uncontrolled object in space, potentially colliding with other satellites or spacecraft. Space Law and Regulations: Enforcing de-orbiting regulations on all satellite operators needs international cooperation. Orbital Debris : Existing debris in orbit complicates de-orbiting. Risk of collision with space debris during re-entry is as high as 10%. Space debris includes defunct satellites, rocket bodies, and fragments from collisions. Quorum Sensing: Microbial Coordination Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen Difference Between Oxidation & Fermentation Technical Limitations : De-orbiting larger satellites, such as the International Space Station (ISS), is complex due to their size and high velocity. The ISS is scheduled for termination in 2030. Personnel need to do precise calculations, requiring resources and time. Planned de-orbit of the ISS could take over a year of preparation. Financial Constraints: Implementing effective de-orbiting strategies can be daunting for smaller organizations or private companies. Budgets can restrict access to advanced technologies or safeguards. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Rohingya genocide in Myanmar is a brutal targeted massacre of Rohingya Muslims. After decades of attacks, in 2017 violence in Rakhine State intensifies into a full-scale military operation of terror and death. Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Jade - Jadeite, Nephrite & Jade Roads The Rohingya Muslims are a minority group subjected to over fifty years of discrimination and persecution. Ethnic persecution and an explosion of military violence shocks the international community. The Rohingya live primarily in Rakhine State, Myanmar. Their origins are complex and contested, with some tracing lineage back to 800 AD. Prevailing belief in Myanmar, encouraged by Buddhist nationalist views, portrays them as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh arriving in the British colonial era. Denial of legitimate ties to the region contributes to their marginalization. Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land German Peasants' War: Rebellion of Despair Modern conflict in Myanmar goes back to colonial rule (1824-1948). The British government fosters ethnic divisions to maintain control, with lasting effects. After Myanmar gains independence in 1948, the Rohingya face increasing hostility and violence. Critical moments include the 1982 Citizenship Law, which strip the Rohingya of legal status and render them stateless. This denies them fundamental rights including freedom of movement, access to education, healthcare and employment. Successive military regimes put restrictions on marriage and childbirth. Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Status & Rights of Women in Imperial Rome Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Authorities conscript forced labor and confiscate land. The long history of oppressive policies creates a volatile environment. By 2012, violence erupts between the Buddhist Rakhine and Rohingya communities with over 140,000 Rohingya displaced. The situation escalates significantly in 2016 when the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army is formed. The Army is one of many local militant groups in Myanmar. Claiming to defend the Rohingya people, citing killings and rapes, it launches coordinated attacks on police posts. Ancient Salt & Health: Physician Dioscorides Gallic Wars: Caesar's Invasion of Germania Organic Polymers: Ecology & Natural Health Myanmar police post by the Bangladesh border These trigger brutal repercussive military campaigns against Rohingya civilians. Reports of human rights violations are widespread. Influencing Factors Buddhist Nationalism: Radical Buddhist monks and nationalist groups help spread anti-Rohingya propaganda and incite hatred. They portray the Rohingya as a threat to Myanmar's Buddhist identity and national security. In 2018, a year after the genocide, up to 70% of Buddhists in Myanmar continue to support discriminatory laws against Rohingya. Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Solar Panels & Batteries in Space Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Economic Grievances: Competition for resources and land in the impoverished Rakhine State fuels animosity between the Rohingya and the dominant Rakhine Buddhist community. Political Manipulation: The military regime exploits ethnic tensions to consolidate its power and undermine democratic reforms. The political situation under Aung San Suu Kyi and her National League for Democracy allow the military or Tatmadaw to retain significant power. This is because the military permit public elections only if they're guaranteed 25% of the seats. Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics public protest against military regime 2021 The NLD and military often clash due to different goals and mindsets. It creates a dangerous environment, with military having held control since 1962, and Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD first elected in 2015. Lack of International Intervention: A delayed and inadequate international response allows the situation to deteriorate, emboldening the perpetrators. International indifference facilitates the genocide. In the years leading up to 2017, while reports surface detailing human rights abuses, foreign governments largely abstain from taking effective action. This silence creates a permissive atmosphere for violence. Zinc (Zn): Technology, Nature & Health Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials Military Tactics: Campaign of Terror Reports and investigations by international organizations, including the UN, documented widespread atrocities including mass killings widespread sexual violence burning of villages arbitrary arrests and torture The tactics are designed to inflict maximum suffering and force the Rohingya to flee their homes. The military's "clearance operations" are designed to eliminate the Rohingya presence within Rakhine. Violence is carried out with involvement of local militias. Sexual violence as a weapon is commonplace. Survivor testimony shows sexual assault is strategic to intimidate and further disenfranchise Rohingya. Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Irrwurz or Mad Root: German Folklore Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health The Controversy of Aung San Suu Kyi Aung San Suu Kyi, a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, faces significant criticism for her silence and inaction in the face of the Rohingya crisis. While she lacks direct control over the military, she's held culpable. Critics quote her failure to condemn the atrocities unequivocally, and her defense of the military's actions on the international stage. This severely damages her reputation and smears her previous work in human rights. Initially she downplays the military's actions, stating they're necessary for national security, without directly addressing the injustices. In a speech to the UN in September 2017, she refers to military operations as defensive. Glutamates: Umami Flavors & Brain Cells Great Women Artists - Käthe Kollwitz Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Aung San Suu Kyi It causes growing alienation from the international community. People say her failure to defend the Rohingya people betrays her legacy as champion of human rights. It's unclear if she truly lacks control over the military or chooses to prioritize political stability. It's a festering stain on a long admirable humanitarian track record. She's still seen as a national hero and champion of democracy. Aftermath: A Humanitarian Catastrophe The 2017 genocide triggers a massive exodus of Rohingya refugees into neighboring Bangladesh. Over 900,000 Rohingya flee across the border. Thirty Years' War Europe: Five Major Battles Diana's Tree: Silver Crystals of Lunar Caustic Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium They join hundreds of thousands already living in overcrowded and under-resourced refugee camps in Cox's Bazar. Conditions are terrible. Families live in poverty with limited access to clean water and health care. With thousands killed and hundreds of villages systematically burned, the UN concludes the military has committed acts of genocide. In Myanmar, thousands of Rohingya remain displaced and live in precarious conditions. The international community has expressed outrage, yet systematic responses are lacking. The United Nations report severe human rights violations but fail to hold responsible parties accountable. Thirty Years' War: Conflict, Antagonists, and Impact on Society Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Other Important Facts Limited Access for Humanitarian Aid: The Myanmar government is once more a military regime, with Aung San Suu Kyi under arrest since 2021, due to her massive support in the elections. The military continues to restrict access to Rakhine State. Humanitarian organizations and independent observers can't fully assess the situation to help those who remain. Ongoing Impunity: Despite overwhelming evidence of atrocities, those responsible for the violence have largely escaped accountability. Nine Years War 1688-1697 France vs. Europe Feudalism & the German Peasants' War Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Stalled Repatriation Efforts: Attempts to repatriate Rohingya refugees to Myanmar have been unsuccessful due to security concerns, lack of guarantees of citizenship and safety, and deep-seated distrust. International Court of Justice (ICJ) Case: The Gambia has filed a case against Myanmar at the ICJ, accusing the country of violating the Genocide Convention. The Gambia is no stranger to human rights violations. Youthful Demographics:  Nearly 50% of the Rohingya refugee population is under 18 years old, without access to education or medicine. 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Buddhist violence erupts in Rakhine State, Myanmar with a long and complex history of politics and social dynamics. While most Buddhists condemn violence, exceptions appear throughout time. Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Buddhist Violence in History In the late 16th century, Buddhist monks take up arms to participate in the Korean defense against Japanese invasions. Buddhists are more recently involved in violent conflicts in Sri Lanka and Myanmar. Rationale for these actions include defense of the Dharma or Buddhist teachings and is often directed at non-Buddhist perceived threats. The enemy is portrayed as evil or less than human. This reduces the karmic implications of killing. Dehumanization is a core principle of propaganda against targeted groups through history. An example appears in the 5th century Sri Lankan Mahavamsa chronicle. In the legendary story, warrior Buddhist monks reassure a king, who has just massacred thousands of Tamil, only two are Buddhists. The others, they say, are no better than beasts. Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Feudalism & the German Peasants' War Rakhine State Rakhine State, a coastal region in Myanmar is the epicenter of conflict between the Rohingya Muslim minority and majority Buddhist population. It's complicated by history, identity, and socio-economic factors. The Rohingya of Rakhine State are an ethnic and religious group. While many claim ancestry dating to 800 AD, they're seen as illegal immigrants from Bangladesh arriving primarily during the British colonial period. The British favor certain ethnic groups, including Rohingya, for administrative positions. This creates resentment among Rakhine Buddhists who feel marginalized in their own land. This historical context builds a foundation for future animosity and distrust. The subsequent independence era in 1948 brings more Rohingya settlement but increased discrimination. What Robots Need to Function & Survive Hundred Years’ War: Battles & Overview Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Most Buddhists condemn violence Myanmar Military A military coup in 1962 creates a regime focused on nationalism, safeguarding Buddhist identity. It promotes violent hostility toward the Rohingya. The government often uses nationalist rhetoric in justification. Successive military regimes deny Rohingya full citizenship rights, restricting access to education, healthcare and employment. Disenfranchisement fuels desperation and resentment. This leads to sporadic uprisings and hardened attitudes on both sides. The violence isn't driven only by religious fundamentalism but religious rhetoric is often used to justify and mobilize support for discriminatory actions. Economic anxieties and competition for resources are a major factor. Rakhine State is one of the poorest regions in Myanmar. The Rohingya are often blamed for the region's economic woes. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Visigoths, King Alaric & the Ruin of Rome Rohingya refugees Escalation of Violence Fear of being outnumbered and losing cultural dominance also fuels Buddhist anxieties as the Rohingya population grows. The 2012 Rakhine State riots mark a turning point. Triggered by the alleged rape and murder of a Rakhine woman by Rohingya men, violence quickly escalates. It results in widespread destruction, displacement of 150,000 and 150 deaths. These events solidify existing prejudices and fuel a wave of anti-Rohingya sentiment. It legitimizes discriminatory practices and creates an environment in which violence can be perpetrated with impunity. 2015 Migration Crisis: As violence escalates, thousands of Rohingya begin fleeing Myanmar by sea. Over 25,000 people take perilous journeys to escape persecution and are often victimized by human traffickers. Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France The situation escalates significantly in 2016 with the Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army. Myanmar is a country of diverse ethnicities; each creates its own armed forces, often battling the state military who control the country. The Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) is created to protect the Rohingya people. Aggressive attacks on state military outposts spark brutal repercussions. The military responds with a violent crackdown including allegations of mass killings and sexual violence. Up to 10,000 Rohingya are believed to die in the violence. By 2017, up to 60% of Rakhine Buddhists believe the Rohingya threaten their cultural identity. The situation reaches a critical point in August 2017 with another Rohingya militant attack. Electrum: Metal of Money & Myth Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Myanmar military A military response burns villages, kills men, women and children, and uses sexual violence as a weapon. Up to 900,000 Rohingya flee to Bangladesh, and other countries finally take notice. Besides the military, Buddhist monks and hardline nationalist groups both support violence and spread hate speech. The groups portray Rohingya as a threat to Myanmar's national identity and Buddhist faith. They work actively to deny the Rohingya their history and human rights, contributing to the ongoing cycle of violence and discrimination. The violence in Rakhine State is closely linked to socio-economic and political realities. Rakhine State is among Myanmar’s poorest regions, with poverty rates affecting both Buddhist and Rohingya communities. Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague How Astronauts Breathe in Space Economic hardship causes competition for resources. Local government often neglects infrastructure and basic services, blaming Rohingya. In both communities, around 70% of people live below the national poverty line. The national poverty line in Myanmar is currently 1590 MMK or Myanmar Kyat, equivalent to about 75 cents US. Rohingya experience unemployment rates exceeding 40% within local communities. The rise of nationalist groups like MaBaTha is a further complication. The organizations assert Buddhism is intrinsic to Myanmar's national identity. In 2018 over 70% of Rakhine Buddhists fear that the Rohingya will overtake their community. Social media spreads misinformation rapidly, fueling hate and justifying violence. In recent years, up to 85% of Rakhine Buddhists engage with anti-Rohingya propaganda online. Nine Years War 1688-1697 France vs. Europe Thirty Years' War: Conflict, Antagonists, and Impact on Society Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals In 2021 Min Aung Hliang, a military general, stages a coup and arrests leaders of the elected democratic government. Humanitarian organizations are limited by government restrictions. While the non-military government comes under fire internationally for defending and downplaying the events of violence, it's questionable how much power they have over conflicts many decades old, with military keeping 25% of government seats. This continues to be debated. International Responses The response from the international community is mixed. While many nations condemn the military's actions, intervention is complicated by politics. Countries with strategic interests in Myanmar often opt for silence. Those openly supporting the military regime include China and Russia. China is the largest provider of military weapons and equipment to Myanmar. Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Rabbit Fever Plague & Warfare: Hittites Gallic Wars: Caesar's Invasion of Germania Myanmar leader  Min Aung Hliang Rejection of Violence in Buddhism The violence in Rakhine State or Buddhist violence in general is not the norm. Many Buddhists, within Myanmar and globally, condemn violence and advocate for rights and protection of Rohingya people. Almost 90% of the Myanmar population is Buddhist. In Buddhism, rejecting violence is seen as essential for the spiritual advancement of society's members. Violence causes suffering to beings who have feelings like those of humans. The Buddha is cited in the Dhammapada, stating, "Everyone fears the stick; all value their own lives." The Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of Tibetan Buddhism, condemns violence in all its forms. Most Buddhists don't eat farm animals, placing high value on a better life and hence good welfare of animals. They don't hunt or even keep pets. Many buy and release wildlife as a way to reduce suffering. Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Citric acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and generated by all living cells. It's used in cuisine, medicine, science and industry. In the human body it's integral to biological processes and health. Five Food Acids: Citric, Acetic, Malic, Tartaric & Lactic Acetogenesis in Nature & Human Health How to Grow Carrots grapefruit About Citric Acid Citric acid (C6H8O7) is a weak organic acid. It naturally occurs in citrus fruits like lemons, limes, oranges, and grapefruit. It's an intermediate in the citric acid cycle or the Krebs cycle, an essential metabolic pathway. This cycle generates energy by oxidizing acetyl-CoA, derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of ATP, driving cellular respiration. A colorless, crystalline substance, citric acid has a sharp, sour taste and is a popular ingredient in foods and beverages. It enhances flavors and is also a natural preservative. Sweet Root Vegetables: Sugar & Starch Food to Energy: Krebs Cycle & Cell Balance Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment Creation of Citric Acid Citrus fruits are pressed to yield juice. The juice goes through purification techniques to isolate citric acid. While this method is suited for small-scale production, it can't meet high demands of industries. The citric acid in processed foods and industrial applications is made by fermentation. It uses Aspergillus niger , a common mold, to ferment sugary substrates like molasses or corn steep liquor. Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Mold: Cultivation & Use in Food Fermentation Solar Panels & Batteries in Space Aspergillus niger spore head The mold consumes sugar and, as a byproduct, produces large quantities of citric acid. The citric acid is extracted, purified and dried to a crystalline form. For a ton of citric acid, about 2000 kilograms of sugar are needed to feed the mold. This method is favored for large scale production due to maximum yield for minimum cost. Difference Between Pickling & Fermentation Oil-Dwelling Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast, Fungi Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Properties of Citric Acid Sour Taste: Its tart acidic taste is well known in food and beverages. Water-Soluble: Citric acid readily dissolves in water. Chelating Agent: It can bind to metal ions as a stabilizer. Antioxidant: Citric acid has antioxidant properties. pH: 2-3 lowers pH of food and inhibits bacterial growth Buffering Agent: It helps maintain a stable pH in solutions The chemical formula for citric acid is C6H8O7. Its structure features three carboxyl groups, enabling it to donate protons and function as a weak acid. Carbohydrates: Sugars of Nature & Health Agriculture: Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis Metalloproteins: Biochemistry of Nature & Health Citric Acid in Nature The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): A critical component of cellular respiration, the way cells produce energy from food. Plant Metabolism: Citric acid helps plant growth and development, regulation of nutrient uptake and transport.  It aids in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to creating ecosystem balance. Soil Amendment: Improves soil quality by increasing availability of nutrients to plants. Algae: Evolution, Science & Environment How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment In the environment, citric acid is biodegradable. It's used in cleaning products as a natural disinfectant. It can bind to heavy metals in the soil, reducing their bioavailability and enhancing soil health. Citric Acid in Health Kidney Stone Prevention: Citric acid, as in the form of potassium citrate, can help prevent calcium oxalate kidney stones by binding to calcium , a metal, in urine. Citric acid also improves calcium absorption by organisms. In animals it's crucial for maintaining strong bones. Vermicompost: Composting with Worms Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Digestion : Citric acid can stimulate the secretion of gastric juices, promoting smoother digestion and reducing issues like bloating. Skin Care: It's used in cosmetic products as an exfoliant, helping to remove dead skin cells and improve skin texture. Pharmaceutical: Citric acid finds uses in pharmaceutical formulations as an excipient, enhancing the stability and bioavailability of drugs. Citric Acid in Science Laboratory Reagent: It's a common reagent in chemical reactions, often used to adjust pH or as a buffer. Metallurgy: It can be used in cleaning and descaling metal surfaces. Textile Industry: Used in dyeing and finishing processes. Photography: A developer in photographic solutions. Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Lignin: Ecology, Wood & Natural Health How & Why to Ferment Green Beans Facts About Citric Acid World War I: During World War I, the demand for citric acid skyrocketed when Italy, the main source of citrus fruits, was blockaded. This led to the industrial development of citric acid fermentation using Aspergillus niger . While strongly associated with lemon flavor, citric acid is used in a wide array of products beyond lemonade, including jams, jellies, soft drinks, candies, and even some medications. Citric acid is generally recognized as safe in food products. China is the largest producers of citric acid Citric acid is used in bioplastics. On ingestion, citric acid is metabolized into bicarbonate, which can help reduce acidity in the body. 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Food acids include citric, acetic, malic, tartaric and lactic acid. They have numerous uses in nature, health and cuisine, each with their own history, properties and behaviors. Acetogenesis in Nature & Human Health Pectin: Nature's Polysaccharide Gelatin Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper 1. Citric Acid Origin: It's first isolated from lemon juice by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1784. A self-taught chemist, Scheele makes an astounding number of discoveries but is best known for Scheele's Green , the most toxic pigment in history. Properties: A weak organic acid with a sour taste, highly soluble in water, it's a natural preservative and potential antioxidant. Occurrence & Functions: It's abundant in citrus fruits like lemons, limes, and oranges. In plants and animals, it's part of the Krebs cycle , a vital process for energy generation. Wort: Sweet Temptation for Beer-Making Yeast Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Foods: It's predominantly found in citrus fruits, but also added to beverages, candies, jams, and processed foods as a flavoring agent and preservative. Human Body: Human body produces citric acid during normal metabolism. Interesting Fact: Citric acid is also used as a cleaning agent and descaler due to its ability to chelate metals. Create Artisan Apple Cider Vinegar Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat 2. Acetic Acid Origin: Derived from the Latin word "acetum" meaning vinegar. Produced through fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria. Properties: A colorless liquid with a pungent, vinegary odor. In diluted form, it is vinegar. Occurrence & Functions: Naturally produced during the fermentation of fruits and grains, it's considered to have antimicrobial properties. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Fulminating Gold: Blowing It Up in Alchemy Vinegar Eels: Life Cycle & Survival in Vinegar Acetobacter vinegar bacteria Foods: The main component of vinegar, widely used in salad dressings, pickles, sauces, and as a general food preservative. Human Body: Acetic acid is a product of the decomposition of ethanol.  It is created through the fermentation of ethanol by acetic acid bacteria, common digestive system microbes. Interesting Fact: The process of making vinegar is one of the oldest biotechnological processes known to humankind, dating back thousands of years. Acetate in Nature: Vital Functions & Health The Probiotic Yeast: Saccharomyces boulardii Homeostasis: Internal Balance of the Body Vinegar varieties such as apple cider vinegar, balsamic and white vinegar each have distinct flavors and uses. Acetic acid not only gives vinegar its characteristic sour taste but helps preserve food. However, concentrated acetic acid can cause gastrointestinal problems and throat burning. Store bought vinegar is a moderate 4-6% acetic acid. Artisan, home-made, specialty or distilled vinegars can reach 20% or more. Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice 3. Malic Acid Origin: Discovered by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1785 from unripe apples. Properties: A dicarboxylic acid with a sour taste, it's often described as tart and slightly lingering. Occurrence & Functions: It's found in many fruits, especially apples, cherries, and tomatoes. It contributes to the sourness of these fruits and has functions in plant metabolism. German Nature Folklore - Fruit Trees ATP: Nature of Energy & Vital Functions Glucose: Essential Functions in Human Health Foods: Malic acid is used as a food additive to enhance flavor in beverages, candies, and baked goods. It can also be found naturally in fruit juices and ciders. Human Body: Involved in the Krebs cycle, just like citric acid, it can also help increase athletic endurance. Interesting Fact: Malic acid is often added to hard candies to create a distinct sour taste. Carbohydrates: Sugars of Nature & Health Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Malic acid is also present in cherries, peaches, and pears. It's active during the ripening process of fruits and helps maintain pH levels in plant cells. 25% of malic acid produced globally is used in the food industry. Health benefits include potential relief from fatigue during exercise and performance enhancement. Similar to other acids, excess exposure can cause health problems. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine 4. Tartaric Acid Origin: Naturally occurring in grapes, tartaric acid is isolated in the 800s AD. It functions in wine flavor and texture. Properties: A crystalline dicarboxylic acid with a tart taste, it famously forms crystals (cream of tartar) during winemaking. These are sometimes called wine diamonds to increase their appeal. Occurrence & Functions: It's found in grapes, bananas, and tamarinds. It contributes to stability and flavor of wines. Foods: Used as an acidulant in baked goods, candies, and beverages. The byproduct cream of tartar is a stabilizer in whipped egg whites and frosting. It prevents sugar crystallization. Yeast & Vineyard Microbes: Flavors of Wine Brettanomyces : Favorite Artisan Wild Yeast Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Human Body: It can have antioxidant properties. Interesting Fact: Diverse grape varieties yield varying tartaric acid levels, influencing a wine's profile. Tartaric acid contributes to about 80% of acidity in wine. In the human body, it can have antioxidant effects. Consuming a lot can lead to digestive problems like vomiting, nausea and diarrhea. Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Red & White Tartar: Wine Salts of Alchemy 5. Lactic Acid: Microbial Fermentation Origin: It's produced through fermentation of carbohydrates by lactic acid bacteria. Properties: A colorless or yellowish syrupy liquid, it has a sour taste. Occurrence & Functions: It's produced in muscle cells during strenuous use when oxygen supply is limited. It's also integral to fermented foods. Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Yeast Enzymes: Maltase, Invertase & Zymase Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Human Body:  Produced during anaerobic metabolism, it can cause muscle fatigue. It occurs during intense exercise. Overaccumulation of lactic acid can cause muscle fatigue and pain, or lactic acidosis. Food: Lactic acid occurs in fermented foods like yogurt and sourdough bread.  It's a natural preservative creating a tangy flavor. Lactic acid is commonly found as an active ingredient produced by microbes in other fermented food like sauerkraut, beets, pickles and olives. It's also added to bread and desserts to give them longer shelf life. Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health Peptides: Science of Human Health Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

CubeSats are miniature satellites with cutting edge technology and aerospace innovation. They are small units measuring 10x10x10 cm and can be put together to form larger bodies. Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back CubeSat (pic CSA) Each unit is known as a "U." Developed in the late 1990s, they provide a way for universities and organizations to access space. CubeSats can be modular, combining for a larger payload. Payload is the main equipment carried by a craft. It can be data gathering instruments, observational or communications devices. See a video of successful CubeSat launch (CSA/NASA). Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts pic: CSA To function, CubeSats need: Antenna and radio communication system , which sends and receives information to and from Earth. Power source , like a solar panel or simply a battery. Computer , which executes instructions to ensure proper functioning of the satellite. CubeSats are a class of NanoSats or small satellites. Compact size, versatility and cost below $100,000 enable many scientific, independent, educational and commercial applications. Over 2300 CubeSats have been launched and 4000 NanoSats altogether. They're often part of larger missions. Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry pic: NASA envisioning space mission to Mars Properties and Characteristics CubeSats are lightweight in design, weighing 1 - 10 kg (2.2 - 22 lb) per unit, which simplifies launch process. NASA's DART CubeSat weighs 6 kg (13.2 lb), successfully demonstrates this light weight in its mission. The 2022 project DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) encompasses 2 missions over 10 months. It involves researchers from dozens of institutions located across Europe, the US and other countries like Japan and Uruguay. Italy supplies a CubeSat camera for the journey. The mission successfully knocks the distant asteroid Dimorphos out of its regular orbit. Pharos Lighthouse: Ancient Wonder of Alexandria Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Seven Metals of Antiquity - Metallurgy team effort CubeSats have a standardized design, which streamline manufacturing. Off-the-shelf components are easily available, encouraging rapid assembly and deployment. Modular architecture enables a variety of instruments and payloads. These include sensors for atmospheric monitoring, cameras for Earth observation, and communication systems tailored to specific goals. Materials and Construction CubeSats are made from lightweight materials like aluminum (mostly), titanium , carbon fiber, and plastics. Tungsten  or molybdenum  may be used. Exterior is coated to withstand intense radiation and extreme temperatures. What is Alum? Origins, Production & Use Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy aluminum The radiator coating is SiOx, over an aluminized polyimide film. Total thickness is 0.05 mm. Polyimide film is known commercially as Kapton. The coating is bonded to CubeSat exterior using an acrylic transfer adhesive. This allows the CubeSat to withstand fluctuations from -167 to +121°C (-250 to +250°F). Inside is a careful arrangement of components to maximize operational efficiency and reduce risk of malfunctions. CubeSats typically feature lower bus voltages and power needs. The power system functions on batteries or can be directly supplied by solar panels, with additional support from secondary rechargeable batteries. Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics European Space Agency CubeSats showing extensions (pic ESA) Operation and Onboard Computers CubeSats rely on onboard computers in conjunction with ground control teams for operation. The onboard systems manage data collection, telemetry, and communication with Earth. Most CubeSats include sensors to monitor their health, enabling real-time adjustments. For example the Hawaiian-based Aloha-1 CubeSat can adjust its communication parameters based on sensor feedback. Ground support teams send commands and receive data to facilitate autonomous operations and ensuring mission goals are achieved. CubeSats are considered potential space debris as popularity skyrockets. Salt (NaCl): Science, History & Cuisine Magnesium (Mg): Ecology & Human Health Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat International Space Station (ISS) sometimes has to dodge debris Space debris or space junk is defunct human-made objects in space, principally in Earth orbit, which no longer serve a useful function. These include derelict spacecraft and mission-related castoffs. Starlink satellites, for example, have a lifespan of five years. After that they are supposed to enter the atmosphere and burn up. CubeSats last from 3 months to just over a year. 70% are de-orbited while still operational. Particularly populous in Earth orbit is fragmentation debris from breakup of old rocket bodies and spacecraft. Space debris also includes fragments from disintegration, erosion, or collisions. Sustainable Gardening: Compost & Old Beer Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation Earthworms: Soil Health & Ecosystem Balance Solidified liquids expelled from spacecraft, unburned particles from solid rocket motors, and even paint flecks contribute to space debris. It creates a number of hazards to spacecraft. About 200-400 space junk objects re-enter the atmosphere each year. At least a hundred of these survive re-entry to strike Earth. Vermicompost: Composting with Worms Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Niter (Saltpeter): Science of Alchemy Purposes and Applications Scientific Research: CubeSats are used in Earth observation, climate monitoring, and space weather studies. Technology Demonstration: Cost-effectiveness permits quick testing of new technologies in space. Since way back in 2011 the US military, not surprisingly, has the idea to refine CubeSats for warfare . Satellites are used in spy technology (reconnaissance). It's overtly illegal for CubeSats to contain explosives. Hydrogen Peroxide: Chemistry, Production, Risks Catalase: Unseen Enzymes Essential to Life Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Launching CubeSats: Who Can Do It? Universities, research institutions, and private companies can launch CubeSats by following necessary regulations and obtaining required licenses. With enough money anyone can do it. Launch opportunities may arise by collaborations with larger missions. In 2021 a US/private space mission includes over 80 CubeSats as secondary payloads. In 2020, the US launches a record 300 CubeSats in one mission. Antimony (Stibnite, Kohl) Ancient Metal of Science & Beauty Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Homo-Fermentation in Lactic Acid Bacteria Militarization and Weaponization Many concerns arise about CubeSat militarization, just as in drone warfare. Due to their compact size and affordability, some CubeSats are easily adapted for surveillance and other purposes. Regulations surrounding satellite launches and ethical considerations are sketchy. Collaborative efforts among nations to regulate space use can conflict with collaborative private, commercial and military interests. Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Thirty Years' War Europe: Five Major Battles Nucleic Acids: Nature, Environment & Health Independence of Operation CubeSats can operate autonomously. They're programmed to perform tasks, collect data, and make real-time adjustments without direct input from ground control. This independence is beneficial, especially when communication is not feasible. It allows the spacecraft to make decisions based on its interpretation of incoming data, such as environmental or potential danger signals. In 2024, a NASA CubeStat detects formation of two new temporary belts of high-energy particles encircling Earth. They're created by the biggest solar storm in 20 years, in May 2024. Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Lunar Caustic AgNO3: Lapis Infernalis  of Alchemy solar flares These findings are especially troublesome for spacecraft entering geostationary orbits. They risk damage passing through the belts. In the mid 2020s the proliferation of CubeSats continues to dominate markets. CubeSat Market size was valued at USD 516.6 Mn. in 2024 and revenue is expected to grow at a CAGR of 14.8% from 2025 to 2032. It's calculated to be 1.6 billion USD by 2033. While the space program is ostensibly created for the benefit of humanity, major forces influencing the system may have outside interests. These range from commercial and political to speculative. 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Cellular respiration enables living organisms to turn food into energy. It revolves around the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts Sweet Root Vegetables: Sugar & Starch Agriculture: Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis The series of chemical reactions drives cellular metabolism, allowing bodies to extract energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. This cycle illustrates how energy production supports life at a cellular level. Cellular respiration is the process whereby cells convert nutrients into usable energy in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) . The enzymatic reactions of the Krebs cycle happen in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. How to Grow Carrots Sustainable Gardening: Compost & Old Beer Earthworms: Soil Health & Ecosystem Balance Human cell, similar to those of many other eukaryotes It's discovered in the 1930s by Hans Krebs. The cycle starts with acetyl-CoA, a molecule derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. This combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, or citric acid. Through a series of reactions, acetyl-CoA is completely oxidized, releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) as a byproduct. Enzymes catalyze the conversion of one molecule into another to keep the cycle continuous. Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health Solar Panels & Batteries in Space The cycle regenerates oxaloacetate, a four-carbon crystalline organic acid. It takes products of earlier metabolic stages, like glycolysis , and further reduces them to release high-energy electrons. The electrons are captured by carrier molecules NADH and FADH2. These molecules proceed to the electron transport chain, the final stage of cellular respiration, where most ATP is generated. How Astronauts Breathe in Space Flavonoids: Sensory Compounds of Nature Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy The eight distinct steps of the Krebs cycle are driven by specific enzymes. Citrate Formation : Acetyl-CoA merges with oxaloacetate to create citrate. Citrate to Isocitrate : Citrate is rearranged into isocitrate by the enzyme aconitase. Isocitrate to α-Ketoglutarate : Isocitrate undergoes oxidation and decarboxylation, releasing a carbon as CO2 and forming α-ketoglutarate. This step produces one molecule of NADH. α-Ketoglutarate to Succinyl-CoA : Another carbon is released, another NADH is created as α-ketoglutarate transforms into succinyl-CoA. Succinyl-CoA to Succinate : This step generates ATP (or GTP) as succinyl-CoA converts to succinate. Succinate to Fumarate : Succinate is oxidized to fumarate, resulting in the production of FADH2. Fumarate to Malate : Fumarate is converted to malate through hydration. Malate to Oxaloacetate : Finally, malate is oxidized back to oxaloacetate, producing a third molecule of NADH and closing the cycle. Sugars D-Galactose & L-Galactose: Nutrition Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality What Robots Need to Function & Survive Importance of the Krebs Cycle ATP Production: While the cycle itself only produces a small amount of ATP directly, it provides the NADH and FADH2 needed to fuel the electron transport chain and generate the large amounts of ATP cells need. Provision of Precursors: The cycle provides important precursor molecules used in synthesis of compounds like amino acids, fatty acids and heme, integral to building and maintaining cell structures. Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Five Food Acids: Citric, Acetic, Malic, Tartaric & Lactic How Solar Panels Work Waste Removal: The cycle helps remove waste products by oxidizing acetyl-CoA and releasing carbon dioxide. Regulation: The Krebs cycle is tightly regulated by various factors, including availability of ATP and levels of key reactants and products. This makes sure energy production is matched to the cell's needs. Pectin: Nature's Polysaccharide Gelatin Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Electron Transport Chain The energy carriers NADH and FADH2 help the electron transport chain (ETC), where oxidative phosphorylation occurs. These reduced coenzymes donate electrons to the ETC. This begins the series of reactions in creation of ATP. Cells can generate about 34 ATP molecules from one glucose molecule through these combined processes. Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Nucleic Acids: Nature, Environment & Health Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Astronauts on long-duration missions rely on water (H2O) for drinking, hygiene, food preparation, and oxygen generation by electrolysis. In a closed spacecraft, astronauts can lose 2 liters of water per day. How Astronauts Breathe in Space Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials Beyond hydration, water functions in temperature control, waste management and other support systems. Astronauts use sealed containers and specialized dispensing techniques to manage water and prevent waste. Recycling Water Every drop counts. NASA and other space agencies invest heavily in sophisticated systems to reclaim water from on-board activities. Urine Processing Assemblies (UPAs) Astronauts' urine is recycled into potable water using vapor compression distillation. This process boils the urine and separates water vapor from contaminants. Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology It then condenses pure water. The water is cleaner than most municipal water supplies on Earth. Humidity Condensation The air inside spacecraft is humid due to normal bodily functions like breathing and sweating. Condensation systems collect the humidity through absorption and purify it into drinking water. Hygiene and Waste Water Recycling Wastewater from hygiene processes like showers and handwashing is captured. Along with water from the UPAs and humidity control systems, it's then treated with filtration, oxidation and sterilization. Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure What Robots Need to Function & Survive CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business The closed-loop system dramatically reduces the amount of water that needs to be transported from Earth. This makes long-duration missions like those planned for Mars much more viable. The Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) aboard the International Space Station (ISS) can recycle about 93% of water used on board. This reduces the need for resupply missions from Earth. How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals The Water Recovery System onboard the ISS converts waste products back into usable water. Over time, the WRS has become more sophisticated, increasing the quality of water produced. Generating Water Fuel Cell Byproduct In space oxygen is often generated by electrolysis, which splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. The byproducts can be recombined to generate water again, creating a sustainable cycle of production and use. Transition Metals in Science and Health Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Solar Panels & Batteries in Space The International Space Station (ISS) uses solar panels. When it's in Earth's shadow, it switches to fuel cells. They use hydrogen and oxygen to make electricity, with water as a byproduct. A fuel cell can yield 0.6 liters of water per hour. The water is purified for consumption. Sabatier Reactor For future long missions, scientists explore use of Sabatier reactors. These merge hydrogen and CO2 to make methane and water. Methane can be vented into space or used as a propellant, while the water is refined. Cell Communication in Living Organisms Difference Between Oxidation & Fermentation Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Carrots are root vegetables with bright pigments and sweet flavors. Their roots are storage vessels for starch and sugar and peek from the soil beneath a crown of green leaves. Sweet Root Vegetables: Sugar & Starch Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment Carbohydrates: Sugars of Nature & Health Here's how to grow them. Soil Preparation : Soil should be loose and well-drained. Add compost or rotted manure for soil quality and fertility. Clay-heavy or compact soil can stunt root growth and impair starch and sugar storage. Raised beds give more control over drainage. Sun Exposure : Plant in a sunny area. Carrots love full sunlight, maximizing photosynthesis and energy production. Planting Depth : Carrots should be planted directly in their growing place as they do poorly when transplanted. Plant seeds to 1/2 cm deep; they prefer shallow seeding. Leave space between seeds, or thin plants later. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper How Solar Panels Work Seeds can take up to 3 weeks to germinate. Keep soil above them slightly damp during this time. They need a consistent environment of water, air and sunshine before the sprouts poke out their little heads. Fertilization : Fertilizers rich in potassium improve root development and sugar accumulation. Avoid too much nitrogen as this encourages bushy leaf growth rather than robust roots, but healthy leaves are also important. The vibrant colors of carrots comes from beta-carotene, an antioxidant the body converts to vitamin A. White and yellow carrots have less. In yellow and purple carrots, lutein makes up nearly half of total carotenoids. Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Solar Panels & Batteries in Space Watering Needs : Keep soil consistently moist. Carrot roots are 86-95% water. Avoid waterlogging or water buildup which can cause root rot. Crop Rotation : Change planting location yearly to prevent disease. Various species of Pythium fungi are responsible for carrot diseases. Cavity spot and Pythium root dieback (previously rusty root) can affect carrots. How Water is Created in Space How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Agriculture: Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis Pythium fungus makes strange root formations Mulching : Mulch can help retain moisture, discourage weeds and maintain temperatures. Optimal soil temperature is 7-30°C (45-85°F). Pest and Weed Control : Check for pests and weed the carrots regularly as other vegetation competes for nutrients. Timing:  Harvest root vegetables at the right time gets optimal flavor and nutritional value. Carrots are ready for harvest 60-80 days after sowing seeds. Earthworms: Soil Health & Ecosystem Balance Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land ATP: Nature of Energy & Vital Functions They must be approved by the carrot inspector Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Nephrite jade is the foremost commodity to travel along the Pacific Coasts of the East. The seaway route is the original Jade Road named by Chinese scholars. Bronze Age Europe - the Amber Roads Hattusa Green Stone - Mystic Secrets Greenstone, Scribes & Cylinder Seals Jade represents the essence of the soul Indigenous people of Taiwan and the Philippines establish the first jade trade, and it's not long before others join in. The Maritime jade route becomes an independently operated network of traders. In China, nephrite jade is found in the prehistoric Yangtze River Delta c. 3400 - 2250 BCE and Inner Mongolia c. 4700 - 2200 BCE. The   Māori (Maori) of New Zealand establish a connection further south. Cyclades Islands: Paradise of Ancients Jet Black - Ancient World Gemstones Corundum: Secrets of Valuable Gemstones Hot Mineral Springs in New Zealand A metamorphic rock, jade is created over millions of years of heat and pressure. It typically forms in alpine areas of current or previous volcanic activity, and often found together with serpentine. During the process of jade creation, external pressure squeezes water from stone. Jade is the debris left behind, filling cracks as the water flows through. There it's subject to more extended heat and pressure to form the metamorphic jade. Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Ancient Marsh Muse - Rough Horsetail Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Jadeite Snuff Bottle with Stopper Rough jade can be extracted through surface mining, and polished pebbles are also found in rivers. Jadeite and nephrite are two major forms of jade. Turkish purple jade has a high percentage of jadeite. Of the two types of jade, nephrite is tougher, but jadeite is renowned for luster and the deep green color known as Imperial Green. One of the few sources of Imperial Green jadeite is in Myanmar (Burma). Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Garnets - Gemstones of Blood and Life Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Tea Time in Myanmar - a moment of peace The Māori in New Zealand produce a rich green stone they call pounamu , which applies to nephrite jade, serpentine and an unknown "green stone". Other jade colors include cream, pink, yellow, red, brown or black. Most nephrite mined in ancient China is a creamy color. In the 11th century BCE Mesoamerica, a world away, the Olmecs, Aztecs and Maya are producing jade objects from local sources. Jade represents beauty and eternal life. Mt Nemrut Volcano: Nature & Lore Turquoise: Precious Stone of Ancients Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Mayan Jadeite Carving Local jade is found in Europe. Several battle-axes of jade have been discovered in the Swiss Alps, using jade nephrite rock from the area. The battle-axes apparently have a ceremonial rather than a practical use. In ancient Greece, a deposit of jadeite is found on the island of Syros in the Cyclades . The island is a major trade center in the Aegean Sea from c. 3000 BCE to 2000 BCE. Ancient Greek Cultures: People of Minos Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Modern Syros, Cyclades Islands, Aegean Sea In the far East, jade merchants travel through desert and mountain, along rivers and coastal waterways. Like the later Silk Road and the Neolithic Amber Roads , Steppe Trade Routes  and Tin Roads , the Jade Roads simplify travel and commerce between nations. It's said Western trade with the the East doesn't begin until after Marco Polo in the 13th century BCE. No jade has been found in Rome, although the Romans are known for their love of gems. Zircon - the Primordial Gemstone Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Hattusa Green Stone in Hattusa Temple Complex, Turkey A large chunk of nephrite, the mysterious Green Stone of Hattusa , is found in the temple complex of the city in Turkey. About 4000 years old, it's considered to be locally sourced. In the later centuries CE, Burmese jadeite, another type of jade, enters the market. The Chinese call it fei cui. From an 1888 consular text: "The discovery that green jade of fine quality occurred in Northern Burma was made accidentally by a small Yunnanese trader in the thirteenth century. The story runs that on returning from a journey across the frontier he picked up a piece of stone to balance the load on his mule. Carbuncle: Red Stone of Magic & Medicine Tin Trade Routes - Ancient Networks Shumugan - God of Donkeys & Mules Just to the right of that boulder. The green one. "The stone proved to be jade of great value and a large party went back to procure more of it. In this errand they were unsuccessful, nobody being able to inform them where the stone occurred. "Another attempt, equally fruitless, is made by the Yunnan Government in the fourteenth century to discover the stone; all members of the expedition, it is said, perished by malaria, or at the hands of hostile hill-tribes. Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Sapphire Gemstones: Colors, Myths, Origins & Gemology Ruby, Rubies: Passion, Blood and Fire "From this time onwards, for several centuries, no further exploration in the jade country seems to have been undertaken by the Chinese. Small pieces of the stone found their way across the frontier, but exact source of supply continued unknown." Jadeite is the national stone of Japan. Most of the high-quality jadeite stone produced in Burma travels into China through cities like Guangzhou , Hong Kong  and Shanghai . Medium-quality stone is still carried over land. Silica (SiO2): Nature of Glass & Gems Lapis Lazuli: Vibrant Blue Gem of Ancients Lake Van: Fate of a Primeval Salt Lake Floating lotus lights on the water On the Pearl River about 120 km (75 mi) north of Hong Kong , Guangzhou is a major terminal on the south Asian maritime Silk Road. Today the main source of Siberian nephrite jade is the Sayan Mountains in central Siberia. Canada's western Rocky Mountains produce substantial nephrite. Jade is also found in NZ, Australia, Italy, Greece, Guatemala, China, Japan and the largest jadeite source, Myanmar. Ancient Salt & Health: Physician Dioscorides Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Carnelian - Sunny Gems of the Ancient World Canadian Rocky Mountains Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Ash Tree ( Fraxinus) holds a special place in the magic and myth of Germany and the rest of Europe. In pagan nature lore, tree spirits are commonplace. They're known to inhabit a wide range of trees including beech, elm, hazel, fruit trees , oak and ash. Nature Spirits of German Mythology German Nature Folklore - Fruit Trees Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Shady ash tree in summer sunshine Tribal Germanic people are animists. Spirits inhabit all living things: trees, plants, moss, even rocks, who live slowly. Tree spirits have properties of masculine, feminine, both or neither. They may have bird, insect or other hybrid animal qualities, or appear as a bird or animal itself. Their specific qualities pertain to the ecology of the tree. Many survive in folklore. Some are helpful to mortals, others less so. Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Scheele's Green: History's Most Toxic Pigment Ḫulbazizi - Ancient Exorcism Ritual Watch out for the Wicked Ash Tree Woman. Give me food. Tree spirits protect and nourish the trees they inhabit. If an inhabited tree is felled, the spirit must find another tree or perish. Tree spirits are often beautiful, with ethereal qualities. Some like the oak are more rugged. They can be enchanting, wise, helpful or mischievous ... but there is nothing like the wicked ash tree woman. Herbology & Lore: Death Cap Mushrooms Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore Hahhima - Deadly Hittite Frost Demon Eschenfrau is a hostile tree spirit In German tree lore, the Eschenfrau is no weeping willow. She doesn't like human people and can summon diverse magical energies to torment them. She's abrasive, hostile and steals silver or personal items from those taking a rest in the shade. If a person harms her tree, even breaking a twig, she rises in righteous wrath to make the culprit physically sick. Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Syphilis: History & Symptoms of a Ravaging Disease Lamashtu, Baby-Eating Demon of Mesopotamia While some Germanic tree spirits have traits similar to dryads of Greek lore and Celtic nature spirits, the Ash Woman or Eschenfrau has her own nefarious nature. She can throw curses and also cast the evil eye on people passing by. She might snatch a person's cap as if by an errant gust, or send red fire ants to inflict painful bites. She screams like the wind. There's no pacifying this woman. It's best to find a different tree. Elms are nice. Witches' Night - Hexennacht German Vampires - Nachzehrer Rhinestones: Treasures of the Rhine Ash Tree Botanical Illustration Poster Despite the vitriol of the Eschenfrau she loves her Ash Tree. She defends it with all her mischievous, deceitful, sickness-causing elemental magic. Ash makes the best spear hafts and bows, so people often try to cut down the trees. She intuitively cares for the ash tree and tends it with healing and nurturing energy. She's like an overprotective mother. In her opinion the best defense is a good offense. Honey Bees (Apidae): Nature & Myth Lord Rodent (Ninkilim) Sumerian Pest God Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Jumping Spider, another ambush predator The Ash tree is a nourishing place. Each tree cultivates its own ecosystem including birds, lichen, moss, fungus, micro-organisms, small mammals and insects. Birds and beneficial bugs come to prey on harmful invaders. If ash leaves fall in the water, they're a favorite food of tadpoles. Vulnerable to the emerald ash borer beetle, the ash tree may also be home to tiny wasps who feed on the destructive pest. Herbology & Lore: Caraway How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Earthworms: Soil Health & Ecosystem Balance Fire Salamander, native to Europe. Toxins are found to have medicinal possibilities An ash tree can support a vast variety of birds such as wood ducks and sapsuckers as well as hibernating creatures like frogs, salamanders and beneficial insects. Fungi and earthworms break down soil and release nutrients into the ecological sphere of the tree. The word ash goes back to Old English æsc , which relates to the Proto-Indo-European for the tree, meaning spear. In folklore of Italy, a stake of ash wood is needed to kill a vampire. Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Would you stake your ash on that? Ash is a strong, resilient hardwood good for tool handles, bows and baseball bats, resonant for use in drums and electric guitars. Due to flexibility ash was used in early motor vehicle frames. The wood also curves well when soaked, making it a good choice for moldings and bannisters. Ash is used extensively in making stairs as the wood can take a lot of wear. Phytic Acid: Mother Nature's Nutrient Secrets Cellulose: Plant Fibers of Structure & Strength Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients Going up? In natural health and folk medicine, bark, seeds and leaves of the ash tree are used. Ash and ash poultice, tea or tonic is a folk remedy for fever, arthritis, swollen joints, irregularity, gout, fluid retention and bladder ailments. Magic ascribed to the ash includes powers of healing and rejuvenation. It's thought an ash leaf in pocket can attract money. If the ash is inhabited by Eschenfrau, picking an ash leaf is more likely to attract need for medical attention. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: Life Forms on Earth Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root Flowering Ash Tree Common manifestations of the Eschenfrau's virulent displeasure include allergic reactions such as swollen itchy eyes, headache, sinus problems, sore or itchy throat. An intense red rash could afflict the victim. Blurriness, dizziness and vertigo are also symptoms of the tree woman's malevolent powers. If her curse is not reversed, it can cause serious accidents. Curse of the Evil Eye & Apotropaic Magic Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Edimmu: Evil Demons of Vengeance Eschenfrau can curse a person with accidents and misfortune If a traveler is extra resistant to her magic or doesn't get the hint, she pulls out the heavy equipment. The offender might get sharp pains in the side, swollen feet, breathing problems or worsening nausea. Alternately the Eschenfrau shows herself and demands payment to heal the sick person. Like most spirits she likes silver. She's also curious about what objects the traveler might have in pockets, bags or purse. Stone Age Botai - First Horse People Baba Yaga - Slavic Forest Nature Witch Butzemann, Witches & Nyx - Scare 'em Good What's all this stuff? Even if she stays unseen, one still feels the poke of her greedy fingers. She can throw curses and has evil eye powers. Her laugh is like the cry of an angry bird. Fortunately not every Ash Tree has an Eschenfrau. If the tree is dead it has no spirit residing within. Thriving trees are different. Best to find out if the ash tree's inhabited before using it. Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Silver - an attraction for magical creatures One way is to leave a bit of silver by the tree roots or trunk. If it's gone the next day, the tree may be home to a wicked ash tree woman. Making friends with her is out of the question. She's likely to spit venom in your food. To keep Eschenfrau placated, it's customary to spread wood ash on the roots of her tree. In modern times this is done on Ash Wednesday, a Christian observance. Wiedergänger - the German Undead Great 19th Century German Woman Artists Goats in German Myth: Erntebock & Habergeiß Gnarled tree roots bend and flow On that day adherents go forth in sack-cloth and ashes to show public penitence for sins. A priest puts a cross of ashes on the penitent's forehead, usually saying something like, "Remember you come from dust and to dust you will return." In traditions of pagan nature worship, ashes spread on the roots of a tree represent vitality and rebirth from death. The ash tree itself is a sign of life and longevity. Symbolically the tree is reborn every year as its trademark black buds appear when the Sun warms the earth. Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities Ammonium (NH+4): Nitrogen Needs of Plants Destroying Angel: Nature's Deadly Poison Wood Ashes make nutritious organic fertilizer for most trees, expect birch, fruit trees and red maple. Wood ash makes nutritious fertilizer for various trees. It's a good source of lime and potassium, especially beneficial to treating acidic soils, and gives the tree a stimulating boost in spring. Ash tree ashes can be used on ash trees. Sharing this gift of health, life and joy with her treasured tree doesn't make Eschenfrau like people any better, but she may withhold her evil magic. Cinnamon - Spice Trade of Ancients Agriculture: Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis Compost: Teeming Metropolis of Life & Death Ash tree spring buds Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top