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Pala is a Bronze Age culture, located in northern Anatolia (Turkey) near the mountainous regions by the Black Sea. In the eastern mountain highlands are the Kaskians or Kaska, an aggressive group of warrior tribes. See also: Kamrushepa: Hittite Goddess of Magic Kaska - Mountain Raiders of Anatolia Inara & the Dragon - Purulliya Festival Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books West of the Kaska land is the region of Pala. According to contemporary texts Pala is bordered by Tummana to the northeast, whose territory extends along the south Black Sea Coast. Hittite Kalasma is to the west and Mount Asharpaya toward the south. READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Adventure An Indo-European language found in cuneiform tablets of Bronze Age Hattusa, Palaic is spoken in much of northern Anatolia. Despite Pala's precarious position, Palaic is one of the four major language groups of ancient Anatolia. See also: Tarhunna (Tarḫunna) Storm God of the Hittites Rise of the Phoenicians - Early Years Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The others are Hittite (central Anatolia), Luwic (southern Anatolia) and Lydian (western Anatolia). The Palaic language apparently goes extinct in the 13th century BCE, but may be sooner due to relentless Kaskian expansion. READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Adventure Throughout the Hittite occupation of Anatolia (c. 1600 - 1100 BCE) the Kaska are the primary people who harry them endlessly. A loose gathering of tribal groups with half-hearted attempts at central administration, Kaskians are one reason the Hittite Empire never reaches the Black Sea coast. See also: Ebony - Precious Wood of Ancients Zagros Mountains - the Way to Kur Ephedra - Medical Stimulant Plant of Ancients Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Mount Asharpaya, named as the southern boundary of the Pala lands, is mentioned in a passage on a victory stele. The stele is inscribed with the worlds of Hittite King Mursilis II (r. 1330 - 1295 BCE). The next year, I went to Mount Asharpaya. The city Gasgas (Kaskas) that had held Asharpaya had blocked the roads of the land Palā. Then I fought those Gasgas of Asharpaya. Then my lady the Sun-goddess of Arinna, my lord the awesome Tarhus [Tarḫunna], Mezzullas and all the gods went before me. I conquered Mount Asharpaya that the Gasgas had held, I killed them. I devastated Asharpaya. Then I came back. After I arrived at the city Sammaha, I entered the city Ziulila. See also: Land of Punt: Pre-Bronze Age Kingdom of Riches Sun God of Heaven - Hittite Solar Deity Divine Light - Sun Goddess of Arinna Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books "Mezzullas" refers to the triple goddess aspect of Mezzulla, the daughter of the Sun Goddess of Arinna. Together with Mezzulla's daughter Zintuḫi (Hattian for 'granddaughter') they form a sacred solar trinity of three generations. The city Ziulila is east of Hattusa, the Hittite capital. Whether the Palaic nation extends north to the Black Sea in ancient days, or whether it's located further inland is so far unknown. Its location is placed c 600 mi (965 km) west of Troy, or in the northern mountains, or in central Anatolia. See also: Egyptian Blue Faience - Ceramic Glass Anatolia - Alaca Höyük City of the Sun Ancient Wild Predators - Eurasian Lion Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The Palaic people don't establish a capital or major cities. In the Old Hittite period (c. 1700 - 1500 BCE) Pala is recorded as an administrative area under Hittite law. Nonetheless the people have a strong pantheon. Some Palaic gods appear at the Hittite capital. At the end of the Old Hittite period, the Kaskians capture the Black Sea region. Contact between the Hittites and Pala stops. See also: Kulullu - Fish Man Monster of Tiamat Hutena & Hutellura: Dyad of Birth & Fate Minoan Genius (Genii) Helper Spirits Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Although the area is still called 'the land of Pala' as late as Hittite King Muršili II (1330 -1295 BCE), it's possible the Palaic people scatter and disperse after the Kaskian invasion. They may have migrated in a hurry. Other possibilities include assimilation into the Kaskian nation. Warlike as they are, Kaskians are among the great opportunists of the ancient world. Or, the people drift south, further into the cosmopolitan Hittite lands. See also: Pomegranate - Food of the Ancients Nixies - Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Bronze Age Trade of Mesopotamia Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle At the Hittite capital of Hattusa, the Palaic people leave a reminder. The storm god of the Palaic pantheon, Ziparwa, continues to be worshipped by a cult following. Hittite and Palaic mythology both include goddess Inar (Inara) and the smith god Hashamili. With the crash of the Hittite Empire during the Bronze Age, many Hittite affiliates collapse as well. Kaskians sack Hattusa in 1190 BCE. The last Hittite King, Šuppiluliuma II, is gone by 1178 BCE. No one knows whether he abandons the city, or is killed in the Kaska sacking. See also: Erinyes - Vengeful Women of Ancient Greece Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Caspian Tiger: Bronze Age Wild Predators Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Beginning in classical antiquity (8th century BCE - 5th century CE), Pala and the Kaskian lands become known as Paphlagonia. There are various theories about the origins of the Pala people. Their culture reflects both Hattian and Luwian characteristics. Where they went is just as much a mystery. See also: Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Inanna (Ishtar) - Goddess of Ancients A Myth of Hahhima, Frost Demon God

Yazılıkaya comes from the Turkish for inscribed rock. The sacred site is beside the city of Hattusa, the Hittite Bronze Age capital until c. 1180 BCE. A spring once flowed here. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure The ancient complex with awe-inspiring natural stone blocks and carved reliefs holds the vast cosmology of the Hittite Empire. See also: Hashamili - Metal Work & Smith God Kassite Empire: Rise of the Kassites Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books An ancient place infused with the holy essence of deities, the site is in use as a religious sanctum by c. 1600 BCE. Yazilikaya is composed of two huge chambers created by the natural geologic formations, and outside rock walls. Relief carving is one of the major art forms of the Hittites. Artists specialize in working with stone on geologic and spiritual levels. See also: The Shekelesh - Bronze Age Mysteries Amurru: Amorite Bronze Age Kingdom Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Diorite, limestone, tuff and granite are popular carving rocks as well as steatite for smaller items. The artisan understands the physical as well as magical attributes, how stone can be shaped and cut away to reveal the deity within. Artisans learn the qualities of stone in raw and polished form. They master techniques and tools to bring the gods expressively to life to last in glory throughout the centuries. In most ancient societies artisans have no special status, and are seen as menial laborers. See also: Byblos, Vibrant Port City - Bronze Age Sherden Sea Peoples in Ancient Egypt Enuma Elish: Marduk & the Chaos Monsters Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The greatest developments at Yazilikaya come in the 13th century. Under the reign of Kings Ḫattušili III and Tudhaliya IV (husband and son of the great Queen Puduhepa) the sacred site is created as a place of prayer, contemplation and ritual. Tudhaliya's mother was a priestess in her homeland of Kizzuwadna to the south. As Queen she puts much time and energy into chronicling and organizing the thousands of Hittite deities. She's also one of the stimuli behind the world's first peace treaty, with the Egyptian Queen Nefertari. See also: Urash (Uraš) Primal Queen of the Gods Arzawa - Rebel Kingdom of the Bronze Age Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The first chamber of the sanctuary, built by Ḫattušili III, "contains rock-cut relief of 64 deities in procession. The left wall shows a procession of male deities, wearing the traditional kilts, pointed shoes and horned hats. Mountain gods are also shown with scaled skirts to symbolize the rocky mountains." The right wall shows a procession of female deities wearing crowns and long skirts. The only exception to this is the goddess of love and war, Shaushka (equated with Mesopotamian goddess Inanna/Ishtar) is shown on the male procession with two female attendants. See also: Cilicia (Kazziwatna) - Bounty & Booty Potnia: Mystery Goddess of Ancient Greece Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The processions lead to a central scene of the supreme couple of the pantheon. These are the mighty storm-god Tarḫunna (Hurrian: Teshub) and his beloved wife the sun goddess Hebat (Hepat). Tarḫunna stands on two mountain gods, possibly Hazzi and Namni. Hebat stands on a panther. Behind Hebat are their son Sharruma, a protector god; daughter Alanzu and a granddaughter. These deities are all related to the stars or cosmic heavens. See also: Uluburun - Bronze Age Shipwreck Taurus Mountains: Bronze Age Bounty Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books In the second chamber, built by King Tudhaliya IV, the deities all relate to the Underworld. The reliefs are fewer but larger and better made. It's thought this is a private sanctum for the Hittite King. The Hittites are fond of adopting other gods, and many show up at Yazilikaya. The Mesopotamian god of wisdom, Ea (Enki) appears in the male procession. The god Teshub is a Hurrian god syncretized with Hittite storm-god Tarhunna. See also: Gibil - Fire God of Mesopotamia Tiamat - Queen of Chaos & the Sea German Harvest Spirits - Dragons Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Sun Goddess Hebat becomes syncretized with the Sun Goddess of Arinna, originally adopted from the Hatti Empire. Many Hurrian gods are brought into the Hittite pantheon by Queen Puduhepa, both as a diplomatic move with squabbling neighbors, and because her mother is Hurrian. According to recent research the sanctuary depicts the cosmos on its three levels: earth, sky, and underworld. It also maps out the cyclical processes: day/night, lunar phases, and summer/winter, a lunisolar calendar. See also: Nungal (Manungal) Prison Goddess Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Drought, famine, earthquakes, internal revolts and ravages by mercenary sea peoples create a crisis to entirely wipe out the Hittites by c. 1180 BCE. Several other kingdoms go down with them. The last King of the Hittites makes a desperate appeal to deities with deaf ears. By the time Suppiluliuma II creates his carvings in the palace at Hattusa, depicting the glories of his kingship, the end has already come. See also: Ninkarrak: Ancient Medicine Goddess Figs - Food of the Ancient World Herbology & Lore: Stinging Nettle Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Other cultures pulverized to dust include the Kassites of Babylon, and Mycenaeans of Greece, the fierce Arzawa nation and the prosperous coastal trade center of Ugarit. Survivors of the Bronze Age collapse include Egypt, Assyria, Phoenician holdings, and the mystery of the sea peoples. See also: Shakhar & Shalim: Divine Twins of Ugarit Bau - Healing Goddess of Babylonia Shen Rings Egypt - Divine Protection Back to Top

Pirwa is a horse deity of the Hittites and Luwians in ancient Anatolia (today's Turkey). He's also called Perwa or Peruwa. Considered a warrior or warlike god, he's associated with the cities of Hattusa and Kanesh, and worshipped at other sites too. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure See also: Stone Age Botai - First Horse People Animal Spirits - Horse, Otter, Goose Ebony - Precious Wood of Ancients Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Text mentions and a couple of images attest to him as a horse warrior. Hittites are strong warriors and horse people. They develop chariot warfare and scale armor for horses as well as humans. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure During the mid-1300s BCE the Hittite Empire encompasses much of Asia Minor, northern Levant and Upper Mesopotamia. The Hittites take advantage of the speed and efficiency of the horse to travel long distances and populate other lands. See also: German Myth - Headless Horseman Ancient Marsh Muse - Rough Horsetail Bronze Age Cultures - the Hittites Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle According to University of Berlin emeritus Ahmet Ünal, a Hittite horse handbook of the times, translated from the Hurrian, covers various details such as: ... feeding horses with a combination of fodders, watering, galloping, trotting, grooming, harnessing, unyoking, sweating, washing, massaging ears (GEŠTUḪI.A - ŠUNU kiššerit para ḫuittiya-), anointing with sheep fat (IŠTU Ì.UDU iškiya-), combing (kušala-), covering by means of blankets to keep warm (IŠTU TÚGḪI.A waš-), muzzling (puriyalli dai-), cleaning, smoothing, covering the eyes and bathing at the river. See also: Hashamili - Metal Work & Smith God Shurpu: Ancient Rite of Curse Removal Germanic Mythology - Brook Horses Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books In depictions horse god Pirwa may be represented as a male deity standing on a horse, a common motif. Hurrian weather god Teshub is sometimes standing on a bull, the bulls Seri and Hurri who draw his chariot, or on mountain gods. Marduk also stands on his snake-dragon helper mushussu (mušḫuššu) in some images. Canaanite Goddess Astarte, seen as the equivalent of Inanna, is pictured below standing on an armored horse. See also: Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Owl - Death, Messages, Mystic Wisdom Shakhar & Shalim: Divine Twins of Ugarit Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Horse God Pirwa is the possible husband of Ḫaššušara, a name translated in Hittite as "king [who is a] queen". Pirwa and Ḫaššušara are sometimes described together as a divine dyad. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure In offering lists or kaluti, Pirwa appears in a group of Kanesh deities including Hashamili (Ḫašamili) the smith god, Kamrušepa goddess of medicine and magic, and Maliya, a deified river and goddess of gardens. His worship is locally widespread, as his popularity peaks in the years before the greatest range of the Hittite Empire (1300s BCE). See also: Ephedra - Medical Stimulant Plant of Ancients Pretty Poisons: Holly, Yew, Mistletoe Kaska - Mountain Raiders of Anatolia Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Temples to Pirwa are recorded at Šippa and Wijanawanta. He's associated with mountains, having sanctuaries at mountaintops. Beside the horse his symbols are those typical of a strong ruler, the lion and eagle. Ugallu - Lion Headed Storm Demon Animal Spirits - Bear, Stag & Eagle A Myth of Hahhima, Frost Demon God Back to Top

The middle Elamite period lasts c. 1500 - 1000 BCE. It's marked by the c. 1500 BCE rise of the Anshanite dynasties. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Awan, the first dynastic kingdom of the Elamites, is surrounded on all sides by civilizations of military might and barbaric warrior groups. Elamites are famed foes of the ancient Sumerians. See also: Tarhunna (Tarḫunna) Storm God of the Hittites Taurus Mountains: Bronze Age Bounty Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Elam becomes a formidable force in the ancient world. Located along the eastern bank of the Persian Gulf, the region is prime real estate for trade, travel and commerce. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Trade with Indus Valley and coastal towns, and Sumer when at peace, is well established. Monarchs take the title "King of Anshan and Susa", after the two major city states of Elam. See also: Inanna (Ishtar) - Goddess of Ancients Shurpu: Ancient Rite of Curse Removal Lukka: Bronze Age Warrior Sea People Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Located in the lower Zagros mountains, Susa is east of the Tigris between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers. Susa is considered one of most important centers of early civilization. Capital of the Elamite state Susiana (Šušan), Susa appears in the earliest Sumerian records. It's described as one of the places obedient to Inanna, patron deity of Uruk. See also: Ancient Wild Predators - Eurasian Lion Ephedra - Medical Stimulant Plant of Ancients Hannahanna - Great Grandmother Goddess Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Anshan (modern: Tall-e Malyan) is among the first urban states in history. It's also one of the oldest capital cities, established c. 4000 BCE and occupied continuously until c.1000 BCE. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure The Kassites are a tribal or clan group culture from the Zagros Mountains. With the sack of Babylon by the Hittites in 1595 BCE, the Kassites jump at the chance to occupy one of the desirable and most-sacked cities of Mesopotamia. See also: Cinnamon - Spice Trade of Ancients Aya - Goddess of Dawn, Mesopotamia Ancient Deities: Proto Indo European Gods Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The first dynasties were those of the Kidinuids (c. 1500 - 1400 BCE), an ambiguous group of five kings or rulers. While they commonly use the Akkadian language, the succeeding Igihalkids and Shutrukids communicate more often in Elamite. They call themselves "King of Susa and of Anshan" and "servant of Kirwashir", an Elamite deity. Thus the pantheon of the highlands enters the northern Elamite state of Susiana. In Susiana the Elamite language and culture gain prominence. See also: Pomegranate - Food of the Ancients Nixies - Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Bronze Age Trade of Mesopotamia Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Above image: Gold statuette of a man (possibly king) carrying a goat. Susa, Iran, c.1500 -1200 BCE (Middle Elamite period). The figurine is about 3 in (7.6 cm) tall. The city state of Susa is one of the oldest in the world, dating back to c. 4200 BCE. From the beginning Susa is a central power site for the Elamites and later Persian dynasties. During the Middle Elamite period (1500 - 1100 BCE), Susa's power reaches its peak. See also: A Myth of Hahhima, Frost Demon God Tiamat - Queen of Chaos & the Sea German Harvest Spirits - Dragons Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The first Kassite king of Babylon, Kurigalzu II, is put on the throne by Ashur-uballit I of the Middle Assyrian Empire (1366 –1020 BCE). Elam is occupied until c. 1320 BCE. Ten rulers of the Igehalkids (c. 1350 – 1200 BC) are known. Studies suggest the possibility of more. Some marry Kassite princesses. See also: Kaska - Mountain Raiders of Anatolia Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Nature Spirits of German Mythology Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Shalmaneser I (r.1274-1245 BCE) declares Assyria a vassal of Babylon no longer. He claims supremacy over western Asia. Shamaneser battles the Hittites in Anatolia, vanquishes Carchemish and founds further colonies in Cappadocia, eastern Anatolia. His son Tukulti-Ninurta I (r. 1243–1207 BCE) conquers Babylon. He kills the Babylonian King Bitilyasu, making Assyria the dominant power in Mesopotamia. See also: Ashur - Tutelary God of Assur, Assyria Humbaba: Giant Mountain Forest Man Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books In c. 1230 BCE Kassite king, Kashtiliash IV, fights Elam for Babylon, and fails to capture the city. Kassite-Babylonian power drains. During the northern Mesopotamian Middle Assyrian Empire (c 1363 - 912 BCE) Kiddin-Khutran of Elam drives out the Kassites. He defeats Enlil-nadin-shumi in 1224 BC, and Adad-shuma-iddina c. 1222–1217 BCE. See also: Amurru: Amorite Bronze Age Kingdom Taweret - Hippopotamus Goddess of Egypt Despoina - Goddess of the Mysteries Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Under the Igehalkid rulers, southern Elamite highland gods gain popularity in Susa. In 1210 BCE the Shutrukids (c.1210 – 1100 BC) take over, and the Elamite Empire attains the height of power. Elamite King Shutruk-Nakhkhunte has his three sons, Kutir-Nakhkhunte II, Shilhak-In-Shushinak, and Khutelutush-In-Shushinak. The princes undertake repeated military campaigns into Babylonia of the Kassites. See also: Lavender (Lavandula) Health and Nature Spiritual Magic - Numbers Three & Nine Chaoskampf: Order & Chaos Battle Out Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books At the same time Babylonia is under attack by the empire of Assyria. Despite ongoing military conflicts, Kassite construction efforts center on restoration of luxurious temples in Susa and throughout the Empire. Perhaps the Gods will look favorably upon this good work and reward Babylonia with victory over the attacking forces. No luck. Elamite King Shutruk-Nakhkhunte raids Babylon, carrying home to Susa trophies like the statue of Marduk, patron god of Babylon. See also: Enuma Elish: Marduk & the Chaos Monsters Mountain Gazelle: Wild Ancient World Nanaya - Goddess of Erotic Love Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books He takes the statue of Manishtushu, son of Sargon the Great. As well, he filches the Manishtushu Obelisk, the Stele of Hammurabi and the stele of Naram-Sin. In 1158 BC, much of Babylonia is annexed by King Ashur-Dan I of Assyria and Shutruk-Nakhkhunte of Elam. Finally, the Elamites permanently defeat the Kassites. See also: Papsukkal - Grand Vizier of the Gods Figs - Food of the Ancient World Ninurta (Ninĝirsu) - God of the People Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books They kill the Kassite king of Babylon, Zababa-shuma-iddin. On the throne they put his eldest son, Kutir-Nakhkhunte. The Kassite Kutir-Nakhkhunte keeps his position for just under three years. Akkadian speaking Babylonians rebel and force him from the throne. See also: Urash (Uraš) Primal Queen of the Gods Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Arzawa - Rebel Kingdom of the Bronze Age Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The Elamites go to war with Assyria and take the Assyrian city of Arrapha (modern Kirkuk). The Assyrians fight back and drive out the Elamites, who are forced to sign a treaty with the Assyrians under Ashur-Dan I. In c. 1121 BCE Nebuchadnezzar I of Babylon begins his 22-year reign, according to the Babylon King lists. He battles the Elamites, sacks Susa and recaptures the god Marduk. He returns Marduk to Babylon in glorious victory. See also: Erinyes - Vengeful Women of Ancient Greece Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Ninhursag - Great Mountain Mother Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Nebuchadnezzar I is defeated by the Assyrian king Ashur-resh-ishi I. The power of the Elamite empire decreases. After 1115 BCE, Elam goes into hibernation for over three hundred years. See also: Ebla - Shining Jewel of the Bronze Age Lapis Lazuli: Vibrant Blue Gem of Ancients Hashamili - Metal Work & Smith God Back to Top

Ancient Mesopotamian religion puts the entrance of Kur, the Underworld, Great Earth or Dark Earth deep within a cavern of the Zagros Mountain system. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure The Zagros mountains run from southern Turkey, through Iran along the Persian Gulf. They form the border between Iran and Iraq. See also: Ancient Elam - Middle Elamite Period Turquoise: Precious Stone of Ancients Kur - Underworld of Mesopotamia Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The Zagros chain is 1600 km (990 mi) long and has been inhabited since the Lower Paleolithic period. The earliest human fossils discovered in Zagros belong to Neanderthals up to 65,000 years ago. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure The first people are foragers, gatherers, fishers and hunters who follow the flow of seasons and natural events like herd migrations. They share the lands with Arabian leopard, striped hyena, Syrian brown bear, bezoar ibex and mountain gazelle. See also: House Spirits of Germanic Mythology Humbaba: Giant Mountain Forest Man Ancient Marsh Muse - Rough Horsetail Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle If tribes or clan groups settle it may be just until local resources are exhausted. On the Island of Cyprus pygmy hippos and dwarf elephants exist until humans arrive c. 10,000 BCE. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure They're easy hunting so humans eat them. They're identified by piles of bones near temporary settlements. Once the animals go extinct, the humans go elsewhere. See also: Cleopatra the Alchemist of Greece Copper - Ruddy Metal of Mystic Magic Sun Goddesses of World Mythology Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Some people in the lowlands and valleys of the mountains cultivate grains and experiment with agriculture. They begin a more settled existence. Others retain their nomadic lifestyles today. Human fossils are found in the deep caves of the Zagros Mountains. Funerary rites or burial are also performed in caves, where the link to the Underworld or Dark Earth is clear. See also: Ninazu: Healing, Death, Snakes & War Abu - Ancient Vegetation Snake God Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books In Mesopotamia Kur is the Underworld. The Underworld is populous but roomy, and deathly boring. A person who dies is brought into Kur. If the person doesn't want to go, the Galla (gallu) demons are specialists in persuasion. The deceased is permitted into the audience rooms of the luxurious palace of Ereshkigal, Goddess Queen of Kur. She declares the person dead. This is duly noted by her royal scribe, Belet-Seri or Geshtinanna, as well as the person's cause of death. See also: Asray: Ugaritic Underworld Goddess German Harvest Spirits - Dragons Nergal - Ancient Underworld Gods Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The deceased is then dismissed and sent to wander the wastelands of Kur. Demons dwell here too, such as the gallu demons, the vengeance demons, or the evil Udug. Powerful disease demons such as hideous Asag and Namtar the disease demon sukkal, also hold court in Kur. Despite the desolation of the wasteland, some people live better than others. See also: Erinyes - Vengeful Women of Ancient Greece Dumuzi & Geshtinanna: Reasons for Seasons Lord Rodent (Ninkilim) Sumerian Pest God Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books It all depends on the honor and/or grave goods their descendants give them. Family could pour libations down a tube leading to the person's earthly grave, and give offerings to help the deceased make the most of life after death. Praises and songs of the deceased could reach the ears of the Underworld inhabitants, granting the subject of the praise more respect. Food might be offered, incense burned, supplications made by family and close friends. See also: Disease Demons & Doctors: Ancient Mesopotamia Rise of the Phoenicians - Early Years Song of the Loreley Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books This satellite view shows the Zagros mountain range in western Iran along the Persian Gulf coast. The largest belt of water-soluble gypsum on Earth, running from Oman to Pakistan and Western India, is formed in the Zagros mountains. The Zagros Mountains come into being with the collision of two tectonic plates, the Eurasian and Arabian. Most of the upheaval occurs during the Miocene period (about 25–5 million years ago), and the collision is still in progress today. See also: Mountain Gazelle: Wild Ancient World Shurpu: Ancient Rite of Curse Removal Ephedra - Medical Stimulant Plant of Ancients Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Due to the ongoing forces of collision the Zagros Mountains are getting higher. Earth upheaval creates huge tunnels and caves, deep pools of groundwater and sacred places to fill a person with awe. The oldest rocks of the Zagros range date back to the Precambrian era, or 541 million years ago. A widespread belt of maar volcanic activity curves alongside the Zagros. See also: Hannahanna - Great Grandmother Goddess Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients Ugarit - Trade Hub of Bronze Age Syria Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The mountains are mostly sedimentary limestone crushed and folded together. Extensive earth tremors or earthquakes in the Zagros region or other mountain ranges c. 1300 BCE and later are thought to contribute to the Bronze Age Collapse. Qal'eh Hasan Ali is the volcanic arc running along the inland Zagros. Most volcanic activity was during the Quaternary Period (2.58 million years ago). Eruptions forming large craters happened between 5,000 and 50,000 years ago. See also: Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend Sulfur - Treasure of the Underworld Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books This range is formed of volcanic and plutonic rock. Plutonic rock is created by slow cooling of magma underground. Plutonic often has larger crystals than volcanic rock, which is formed by faster cooling of lava on the earth's surface. The volcanic regions are not highly eruptive, being the type to make maar craters, or volcanic crater lakes. Tephra or tuff (pyroclastic rock) forms the crater rim. See also: Inara & the Dragon - Purulliya Festival Ushumgallu: Dragon Lion Snake Sukkal Abzu - Primal Waters of Creation Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Due to high heat and pressure some gemstones may form in or around volcanoes. Iran's six most precious gemstones are lapis lazuli, nephrite jade, agate, turquoise, green garnet and diamond. Another reason for the slowly rising mountains is the subduction or thrust of Neo-Tethys oceanic floor beneath the Central Iran block. Today the highest peak of the Zagros Mountain Range is Dena at 4,409 m (14,465 ft). See also: Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Nixies - Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Salt domes and salt glaciers are a common feature of the Zagros Mountains. Often they're indicators of the presence of petroleum. Scientists suggest the dissolution of ancient salt deposits causes changes in the chemistry of seawater, leading to long-term global cooling. Yes. Cooling. See also: Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Germanic Mythology - Brook Horses A Myth of Hahhima, Frost Demon God Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Oldest human fossils in the range date back to about 65,000 years ago, found in mountain caves. Specific burial sites or cemeteries are also found. Signs of agriculture date back to c. 9000 BCE. From settlement of nomadic people arise the primary cities of Elam. Anshan grows in the south and Susa in the north. See also: Bull of Heaven - Inanna vs Gilgamesh Taurus Mountains: Bronze Age Bounty Figs - Food of the Ancient World Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Mixed groups of Elamite and Iranian farmers and pastoralists populate the southern Zagros. This area is also significant as the future home of the Persians and the center of their empire. Iran's main oilfields lie in the western central foothills of the Zagros mountain range, where layers of sedimentary rock give up their ancient reserves. Besides oil the area is packed with limestone rock containing large quantities of marine fossils. See also: Telipinu - God of Farming & Crops Kiashe (Kiaše) - Elemental Sea God Aya - Goddess of Dawn, Mesopotamia Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The Zagros mountains are home to several tribal groups. It's thought the Hurrians of the great Mitanni empire of the 24th century BCE originated among them. Migrating into a region north of Elam and east of Amurru (Amorites), the Hurrians bring a tapestry of mythology along with them. The Underworld of Kur develops further in the ancient world with adoption of or synchronization with Babylonian, Hittite, Hatti, Ugaritic & Syrian, Elamite, Amorite and Levantine deities. See also: Uluburun - Bronze Age Shipwreck Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice The Way to Aaru - Egyptian Paradise Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books There are many unique features of the Zagros Mountains. The fabled entrance to the Underworld has not been located, at least not by anyone who lives to tell about it. The great range of mountains with their rocky peaks, hidden caverns, shuddering lands and vents of smoke is just the place one might find the way to Kur. See also: Divine Light - Sun Goddess of Arinna Sun Goddess of the Earth: Hittite Underworld Egyptian Blue Faience - Ceramic Glass Back to Top

Amurru is both a kingdom and a god. In c. 2000 BCE, the Amorite kingdom occupies the northern part of the ancient Levant coast. To the south, a collection of trading communities open up opportunities for wealth. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure See also: Byblos, Vibrant Port City - Bronze Age Sherden Sea Peoples in Ancient Egypt Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Amurru the god is son of Anu, the oldest god, and his wife the earth goddess Urash. In the ancient world, the Kingdom of Amurru c. 2000 BCE covers today's northwestern Syria and northern Lebanon. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure The inhabitants of Amurru speak the Amorite language. Now extinct, Amorite is an early Northwest Semitic language. The dialect is found around ancient Ugarit, Syria, the northernmost coastal town of the Levant to come under Amurru dominance. See also: Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Rise of the Phoenicians - Early Years Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Ugarit is a prosperous city state in the Bronze Age. One of the oldest cities, Ugarit arises from prehistoric roots to become a center for trade, commerce and culture. Although a cosmopolitan flair continues for hundreds of years under various rulers, Ugarit generally remains an independent town. Amurru as a geographic location is originally mentioned in the Old Assyrian Period (c. 2000 - 1600 BCE). The first documented leader of Amurru is Abdi-Ashirta in the 14th century BCE. See also: Urash (Uraš) Primal Queen of the Gods Uluburun - Bronze Age Shipwreck Steppe Trade Routes: Before the Silk Road Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The region's made up of autonomous city states and semi-nomadic cultures. Abdi Ashirta purveys himself as King, but doesn't officially rule them. Nonetheless, he tries. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure He unites the Habiru, a people first mentioned in the 18th century BCE, who live outside the normal social structures. Habiru means Outsiders including nomads, fugitives, bandits and workers of inferior status. See also: Cilicia (Kazziwatna) - Bounty & Booty Tumulus Culture - Nordic Bronze Age Taweret - Hippopotamus Goddess of Egypt Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books This activity alarms the trading settlements down the coast such as Byblos, Tyre and Sidon. They're three of the wealthy, independent port cities paying tribute to Egypt in return for military support. Rib-Hadda, the king of Byblos, sends a flurry of letters to Amenhotep III of Egypt pleading for intervention. Rib-Hadda also claims that Abdi-Ashirta conspires with the Hurrian king of Mitanni. This part is thought to be fabricated to encourage more support from Egypt. See also: Ptah: God of Creators & Creation Egypt Urnfield Culture: Bronze & Iron Age Europe Sekhmet - War Goddess of Ancient Egypt Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Abdi-Ashirta portrays himself and Amurru as guarding Egyptian interests, Egypt doesn't recognize Amurru as a legitimate state. During the reign of Abdi-Ashirta Amurru is a group of independent strongholds rather than a united kingdom. After the death of Abdi-Ashirta, his sons capture Sumur, an Egyptian holding in the area. This prompts another letter-writing spree from Rib-Hadda to Egypt. For some reason the reigning pharaoh, Akhenaten, puts off his desperate pleas. See also: Enuma Elish: Marduk & the Chaos Monsters Amorites - Titans of the Bronze Age Wadjet - Winged Snake Goddess of Egypt Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Aziru, son of Abdi-Ashirta, takes over the self-nominated kingship of Amurru. He sends letters to the Pharaoh, seeking official government status. The Pharoah Akhenaten requests his presence in Egypt. Aziru delays and makes excuses, saying the Hittites are threatening the coasts, which they are. Privately Aziru fears if he goes to Egypt, he won't get out alive. He's not the only one feeling trapped. See also: Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Tiamat - Queen of Chaos & the Sea German Harvest Spirits - Dragons Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Rib-Hadda of Byblos continues to bombard the Egyptian monarchy for assistance. He likens himself to a bird in a trap. His own people, the peasants of the region, are turning against him. Habiru and Sharadan (Sherden) people attack Tyre down the coast. Another powerful economic region, Tyre is known for Tyrian purple dye, made from the mucus glands of regional rock snails. The dye is worth a fortune, the reason purple is associated with the wealthy, nobles and kings. See also: Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Lavender (Lavandula) Health and Nature Spiritual Magic - Numbers Three & Nine Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books When Rib-Hadda goes to Beirut for negotiations, he's gone for four months. He returns to find his younger brother Ili-Rabih has usurped his position. Ili-Rabih sends Rib-Hadda into exile, where he is either killed, or offered a job as mayor in another district. Most evidence points to his unfortunate end by foul play, at the request of Aziru of Amarru. See also: Ugallu - Lion Headed Storm Demon Baba Yaga - Slavic Forest Witch Erinyes - Vengeful Women of Ancient Greece Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books After the death of Rib-Hadda, the Pharaoh orders Aziru to Egypt to explain himself. Aziru goes to Egypt and is detained a year. When he returns, he defects to the Hittites. Around this time Aziru signs an alliance treaty with Niqmaddu, the king of Ugarit. Seti I, the second pharaoh of Egypt's Nineteenth Dynasty, tries to re-establish Egyptian authority over the Levant. He launches a military campaign and brings Kadesh and Amurru back under the influence of Egypt. See also: Ancient Wild Predators - Eurasian Lion Nature Spirits of German Mythology Botanical Alchemy - White Dead Nettle Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books In c. 1350 BCE the territories of Ugarit and Amurru come under Hittite domination. The Hittites are at the height of their power. The once powerful Kingdom of the Hurrians, Mitanni, is a Hittite vassal. Amurru later participates in the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BCE) on the side of the Egyptians. According to the magnificent stele of Ramesses II the pharaoh wins with full glory, but it was really more of a confused compromise. See also: Joyful Arrival of Hapi in Egypt Nefertari Queen of Peace Ancient Egypt Iron Age - Metallurgy & Metal Magic Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books In the 13th century BCE the sister of Shaushgamua, King of Ammuru, marries Ammistamru II, king of Ugarit. Apparently she does something so terrible Ammistranru sends her home immediately with her bride price. He has to deal with her unhappy and powerful relatives. This almost starts war, but there's no indication of what grievous crime the woman committed. See also: Jade - Jadeite, Nephrite & Jade Roads Cyclades Islands: Paradise of Ancients Seduction of Hedammu, Father of Snakes Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Around 1200 BCE, a series of disasters and attacks by Sea Peoples decimate the coasts of the Mediterranean. Already weakened by internal strife, the Hittite Empire collapses. Others including nearby warrior Arzawa go down with it. The shining kingdom of Ugarit is razed to rubble. Further down the coast, the Phoenician regions survive and rise into a mighty trading empire. Egypt under Ramesses II ascends to unparalleled heights of glory. His most beloved wife Nefertari has passed on, in 1255 BCE. Sometimes he feels she's still at his side. See also: Shen Rings Egypt - Divine Protection Arabian Leopard: Bronze Age Predators Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Links Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books All mention of Amurru the geographic location ends here. Amurru the Amorite God packs up his divine staff and sacred gazelle, and moves to Babylon, where he enjoys a long and prosperous reign. See also: Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore Heqet, Frog Goddess of Egypt Figs - Food of the Ancient World Back to Top

Inara is the goddess of wild animals, hills and forests in Hittite mythology. The Purulliya Festival of spring comes from an older Hatti tradition and marks the Hittite New Year. Goddess Inara can identify with deities such as Astarte, Artemis and Diana. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure See also: Telipinu - God of Farming & Crops Animal Spirits - Wolf, Mouse, Swan Dragons: German Harvest & Nature Spirits Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Inara is a tutelary deity of the Hittite capital, Hattusa. The father of Inara is Storm God Tarhunna (Hurrian: Teshub, Luwian: Tarḫunz). With her father and mother, Sun Goddess of Arinna, she forms the sacred trinity of Hattusa. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure A divine huntress, Inara has the title potnia theron or Mistress of Animals, a name later held by Artemis from the 8th century BCE. Her own name is close to that of the male Inar or Inarra, god of wild animals in Hittite myth, but she's a separate deity. See also: Caspian Tiger: Bronze Age Wild Predators Eschenfrau: Wicked Ash Tree Woman Turquoise: Precious Stone of Ancients Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Inara corresponds to the Canaanite Astarte, Greek Artemis and Roman Diana. Her symbols include deer, wolves and the moon or lunar barque crescent of the Moon God Sin (Nanna). Associated with the moon thence Underworld connections, Inara may occasionally show her dark side. The Name Game In some stories Inara is called Inar although she's named as a goddess. Inar is her Hattian name before the Hittites adopt her into their pantheon and change her name to Inara. She also appears as Inaras. See also: Tarhunna (Tarḫunna) Storm God of the Hittites Rise of the Phoenicians - Early Years Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books As a goddess of Hatti she's known as Inar or Inara. The Hittite male god answers to Inar or Innara. It's possible they're originally meant to be assimilated, a practice favored by the Hittites, but Inara develops her own cult. Forest glades, groves and thickets are sacred to Inara. Her worship is generally outdoors among the trees. Earthy and sensual, she ensures the fertility of wild forest animals. See also: Copper - Ruddy Metal of Mystic Magic Nefertari Queen of Peace Ancient Egypt Arabian Leopard: Bronze Age Predators Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books She relates to sexuality and propagation of natural life. With these qualities she's often equated with the Canaanite Astarte (Ashtarah), goddess of love, sex and war. According to her myths, Inara doesn't get pregnant herself, and she has no children, similar to the later virgin goddesses Artemis and earlier versions of Diana. She's not as chaste as the Greco-Roman ladies though, again better identified with a goddess of passionate love, Astarte. See also: Stone Age Botai - First Horse People Sacred Scarab: Lucky Bug of Ancient Egypt Animal Spirits - Fox, Rooster, Orca Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Inara is often pictured together with animals. Her name is invoked by hunters before they set out. Inara ensures the hunt is timely and wise. Although societies work with agriculture the hunt is a vital way to supplement crops and dietary needs. Inara isn't known to have consorts, though in one story she uses sex as a bargaining tool to gain the help of the mortal Hupasiyas of Zigaratta. In the story her father the Storm God lost a battle to the ravaging dragon Illuyanka, the embodiment of winter. See also: Ancient Weather God of Nerik: Bronze Age Gods Puduhepa - Queen of the Hittites Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books When Tarhunna (Tarḫunna) is beaten by the dragon, he asks the gods for help. Inara has an idea. She prepares a feast, and acquires great vessels of wine, marnuwant beer and walḫi potion. Manuwant is an extra strong beer or beer drink, while walhi equates to 'a drink' assumed to be alcoholic. Inara asks Hupasiyas to help her father. He requests sexual favors in return. The Goddess agrees, and the feast is laid out. Inara sings and dances, calling the dragon to partake in the banquet. See also: Cress, Watercress: Natural Health of Ancients Ancient Wild Predators - Eurasian Lion Ereshkigal Goddess of Underworld & Night Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The ceremony is considered to be the Purulliya Festival (Purulli, Puruli). It's a Hattian spring festival and the Hittite New Year. Revels are traditionally held at Nerik, in the foothills of the Pontic Mountains in north Anatolia (Turkey). During the festival Hannahanna marries a new king. It's marked by feasts, copious drinking, singing, dancing, contests and games. See also: Hannahanna - Great Grandmother Goddess Shurpu: Ancient Rite of Curse Removal Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Before long, Illuyanka hears the invitation to celebrate. He comes sniffing around with fiery drool. Inara wisely disappears. The dragon sees this marvelous spread with unlimited food and drink and sets about slurping it all up. He gets fat and sluggish with food, and intoxicated by strong beverages. Soon he's barely able to slither. Hupasiyas leaps into action and ties him up. Tarhunna and his son Sarruma then slay the drunken dragon. See also: Bau - Healing Goddess of Babylonia Anubis: Jackal-Headed God of Egypt Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books In a Hurrian version, dating c. 1050 - 850 BCE, the Storm God is Teshub. Upon the god's defeat, lluyanka takes his eyes and heart, rendering the Storm God powerless. In vengeance, Teshub marries a poor man's daughter. Their son Sarruma grows up to marry the daughter of the dragon Illuyanka. See also: Teshub: Hurrian Bronze Age Storm God Lukka: Bronze Age Warrior Sea People Owl - Death, Messages, Mystic Wisdom Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The Storm God tells his son to ask for the return of the Storm God's eyes and heart as a wedding gift. He does so, and the Storm God is restored. Teshub goes to face Illuyanka once more. As the Storm God is about to vanquish the dragon, his son hears of the battle and realizes he's been used. He demands his father take his life along with that of Illuyanka. Without blinking an eye, Teshub kills them both. See also: Kulullu - Fish Man Monster of Tiamat Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files A Myth of Hahhima, Frost Demon God Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books With the dragon dead, Hupasiyas asks Inara for his reward. She takes him to her Mountain House. She has to leave and tells him he must not look out the window while she's gone, or he'll regret it. Naturally he disobeys and looks out the window. He sees his wife and children. In the luxurious Mountain House of Inara he has already forgotten them. See also: Hutena & Hutellura: Dyad of Birth & Fate Tiamat - Queen of Chaos & the Sea Scorpion Men of Babylonia Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Bombarded with guilt and sorrow, he misses them severely. When Inara comes home he begs to be allowed to go back to them. In most popular versions of the myth, Inara loses her temper and kills him on the spot, outraged at his betrayal. He's a mere mortal, after all. In others versions he's banished to some kind of torment, and in others, he simply returns home. See also: Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Hashamili - Metal Work & Smith God Sacrifice of the Male: Temple at Uppsala Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books After these events, Inar goes to the town of Kiškilušša. She givers her house and the "river of the flood" to the Hittite king. The Purulliya Festival commemorates these stories, and honors the Goddess Inara. See also: Bronze Age Europe - The Amber Roads Nanshe - Nature Goddess of Justice Ephedra - Medical Stimulant Plant of Ancients

Telipinu is an agricultural deity who gets angry and leaves the home of the Gods. The effects are devastating. Telipinu is the son of weather god Tarhunna, the chief god of the Hittite pantheon, and the Sun Goddess of Arinna. In the Hatti language his name means Exalted Son. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure See also: Shurpu: Ancient Rite of Curse Removal Ephedra - Medical Stimulant Plant of Ancients Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books While it's usually his father Tarhunna who brings the rains and storms Telepinu also has some control of the weather. He can influence fair winds and ease the force of the falling rain. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Every nine years Telipinu is given a major festival in autumn, especially at the cities of Ḫanḫana and Kašḫa. A thousand sheep and 50 oxen are sacrificed to the God. The symbol of Telipinu, an oak tree, is replanted. See also: Sacred Scarab: Lucky Bug of Ancient Egypt Arabian Leopard: Bronze Age Predators Sacrifice of the Male: Temple at Uppsala Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Telipinu is one of the deities ritually invoked in a daily prayer for King Muršili II during the reign of the monarch (c. 1330 - 1295 BCE). The wife of Telipinu, Ḫatepuna, is a goddess of Hatti. She's also adopted into Hittite and Kaskian pantheons. The best known story of Telipinu is about the day he loses his temper. Wrathful, he stalks out of the home of the Gods and disappears. See also: Tarhunna (Tarḫunna) Storm God of the Hittites A Myth of Hahhima, Frost Demon God Herbology & Lore: Stinging Nettle Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The Telipinu Myth tells of the effects. "Mist seized the windows. Smoke seized the house. On the hearth the logs were stifled. On the altars the gods were stifled. In the fold the sheep were stifled. In the corral the cows were stifled. The sheep refused her lamb. The cow refused her calf. Telipinu went off and took away grain, the fertility of the herds, growth, plenty, and satiety into the wilderness, to the meadow and the moor... Humans and gods perish from hunger." See also: Turquoise: Precious Stone of Ancients Uluburun - Bronze Age Shipwreck Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The Gods are concerned. Inar asks his wild animals but none have seen Telipinu. Tarhunna calls Telipinu with a mighty voice like the crack and howl of thunder, but he doesn't respond. Inanna searches for him with her copper mirror, to no avail. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure The Gods beg the mother goddess Hannahanna to help before the world explodes. Human weapons clang in battle as tribes fight over territory and plunder, always in search of non-existent stores of grain or salt meat. See also: Copper - Ruddy Metal of Mystic Magic Nefertari Queen of Peace Ancient Egypt Stone Age Botai - First Horse People Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books People abandon their gods. No one sweeps the temple steps or prepares meals for the Gods. No one bathes them in fragrant oils and flower petals, or dresses them in finery. No one does the work needed to show reverence to the gods. Driven from their territories by famine and crop failure, people crowd the cities. Disease breaks out and there is no work. "The Gods have abandoned us," the people cry. "Our own city gods won't protect us." See also: Potnia: Mystery Goddess of Ancient Greece Ancient Wild Predators - Eurasian Lion Nefertum: He Who is Beautiful Gods of Egypt Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Hannahanna calls a magical bee, and sends her out to find Telipinu. The little bee locates the God sulking in a glen. She buzzes in his ear, and he waves her away. The bee stings him and smears beeswax all over him. Telipinu jumps up in a rage. He smashes a mountain with his fist. Great cracks open in the earth. Screams of mortals can be heard in the godly realm. Telipinu stalks around smashing everything he sees. See also: Arcadia - Greek Lands of Ancient Gods Caspian Tiger: Bronze Age Wild Predators Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Then Kamrušepa, the goddess of magic, begins to work her spells. She sends Telipinu's anger to the gate keeper of the Underworld. Telipinu calms down. He returns home with humble mien to repair all the damage he caused. In an alternate ending, a temple priest captures the God's anger in bronze casks. He sends them to the Underworld, from which nothing can escape. See also: Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Inanna (Ishtar) - Goddess of Ancients What is a Ziggurat? Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books When Telipinu returns, the lands flourish once more. Seedlings sprout, crops grow and the sheep have milk for three. In another myth, Hannahanna becomes angry and must cast her rage into Underworld. This she does, and is joyful thereafter. See also: Byblos, Vibrant Port City - Bronze Age Baba Yaga - Slavic Forest Witch Asherah: Goddess of Childbirth & Fertility Back to Top

Shurpu (Šurpu) is a ritual or group of rituals to counter a curse of unknown origin. First practiced by priests and doctors in ancient Mesopotamia, the Shurpu writings cover nine clay tablets. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure See also: Bau - Healing Goddess of Babylonia Anubis: Jackal-Headed God of Egypt Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Written in Akkadian, the official language of trade and commerce, Šurpu is a collection of nine clay tablets. They're inscribed with recipes, rituals, instructions, spells, incantations and hymns, and names of entities. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Healers use the Shurpu texts when a sufferer is affected by evil activity and doesn't know the source. Bad luck and illness can be caused by demons; or, Gods who enlist demons to carry out vengeance. See also: Ephedra - The Oldest Medical Stimulant Plant Hannahanna - Great Grandmother Goddess The Shekelesh - Bronze Age Mysteries Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Sins may include ritual offences, unintentional breaking of taboos, disrespect and possible offences against the moral or social order. Deities and a few demons appear in the Shurpu tablets. Kulullu the Fish Man is one of the demons named in tablet VIII. He also appears in a hymn to Marduk and the gods of the Esagila, the great temple complex in Babylon where the statue of Marduk is kept. See also: Lukka: Bronze Age Warrior Sea People Cyclades Islands: Paradise of Ancients Ancient Wild Predators - Eurasian Lion Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Kulullu is one of the monsters created by Tiamat to battle her traitorous offspring. He and other of Tiamat's creatures are defeated by Marduk. They then become "good" demons and use their powers in protective capacities. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Tablets III and IV are addressed to the patron deity of magic, the hero god Marduk. The others contain lists of Gods to be invoked or praised, as well as spells or incantations to repel evil magic. See also: What is the Philosopher's Stone? Hyssop (Hyssopus) - Plant of Mystic Lore Anatolia - Alaca Höyük City of the Sun Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The Shurpu collection refers to treatment for a māmītu, or a curse, compared to the Maqlû incantation series used against kišpū, black magic. Along with the lists of divinities invoked, the ritual includes the burning of dough. The rites are compiled from older individual incantations, collected and inscribed during the middle Babylonian period, c. 1350 - 1050 BCE. Šurpu begins with an incantation: "enūma nēpešē ša šur-pu t[epp]ušu (when you perform the rituals for ‘Burning’ )". See also: Disease Demons & Doctors: Ancient Mesopotamia Ḫulbazizi - Ancient Exorcism Ritual Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The dough is wiped (kuppuru) over the supplicant. This transfers the person's sins to the object. Burning of the dough ritually cleanses a person of sins or consequences of sins. Specific sins might include adultery, murder, theft, perjury, witchcraft, arrogance against the gods or humans. One can also become contaminated by accursed people or objects they infect. See also: Enuma Elish: Marduk & the Chaos Monsters Tiamat - Queen of Chaos & the Sea Shulpae (Šulpae): Demon Warrior God Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The patient throws items such as onion or garlic peel, or red wool, symbolically representing transgressions, into the fire. At the same time the person recites an incantation: My illness, my weariness, my guilt, my crime, my sin, my transgression, The illness present in my body, my flesh (and) my veins, Be peeled off like this garlic So the fire-god, the burner, consumes (it) today! May the curse leave so I may see the light! from Šurpu V–VI See also: Ninkarrak: Ancient Medicine Goddess Pagan Pantheon - Anu, Oldest of the Gods Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle In ancient Mesopotamia and region, illness or afflictions are caused by a demon or demonic worm (tooth worm, eye worm). The malevolent being may or may not be acting under the instructions of a more powerful entity such as a God/dess. For example when the demon Shulpae inflicts bennu, or epilepsy, he's said to act under instructions of Moon God Sin. Shulpae is also an important pastoral God of flocks and fields. He called "beloved spouse" by the Great Mountain Goddess Ninhursag. See also: A Myth of Hahhima, Frost Demon God Lahar: Flock & Sheep Pastoral Goddess Lavender (Lavandula) Health and Nature Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books In another story Enlil, Father of the Gods, tells disease demon Namtar to inflict a plague upon the human race. The humans are making too much and Enlil can't sleep. It's part of the larger flood story. See also: Cinnamon - Spice Trade of Ancients Abzu - Primal Waters of Creation Nanaya - Goddess of Erotic Love Back to Top

When Tiamat sees how her children have turned against her, betrayed and murdered her partner Abzu, her she screams out her grief and agony. She churns the waters of the primal seas into a frothing tempest. From her body emerge eleven hideous monsters. Among them is Kulullu, the Fish Man Monster. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure See also: Hutena & Hutellura: Dyad of Birth & Fate Tiamat - Queen of Chaos & the Sea Scorpion Men of Babylonia Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Kulullu's name in Sumerian means Fish Man, and that is what he is. With head, arms and torso of a human, he has the lower body and tail of a fish. Kulullu is often depicted in palace sculptures and on kudurrus, or boundary stones. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure He's also connected to financial wealth and prosperity. He brings an aura of divine benevolence to households. His icon is inscribed ri-da hi-ṣib KUR-i er-ba taš-mu u ma-ga-ru, "come down abundance of the mountain, enter intercession and compliance". See also: Tarhunna (Tarḫunna) Storm God of the Hittites Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Kulullu first appears in myth in the Old Babylonian period c. 1894 - 1595 BCE. He's one of the toxic monsters defeated by Marduk in Enuma Elish ( Enûma Eliš ), the Babylonian creation myth. The writing of Enuma Elish is thought to date to 14th century BCE. It presents the creation story in more than one way. Tiamat is also seen as a victim of her children's plotting and betrayal. See also: Ephedra - Medical Stimulant Plant of Ancients Tarhunna (Tarḫunna) Storm God of the Hittites Enuma Elish: Marduk & the Chaos Monsters Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books In other versions Tiamat simply personifies the evil (chaos) which must be vanquished by the hero (order) as per the continuing cycles of life. Tiamat may appear as a seductive woman, a mermaid, venomous snake or sea monster. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Any way ends up badly for Tiamat as Marduk kills her and chops her in half, from her body creating Sky and Earth. For her monstrous offspring, another fate awaits. See also: Sherden Sea Peoples in Ancient Egypt Ugallu - Lion Headed Storm Demon Minoan Genius (Genii) Helper Spirits Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Mighty Marduk battles each one, including Fish Man Kulullu, and defeats them all. He puts them to work recreating the world they have destroyed. With this work the evil is purged from within them. Although they're still demons they become benevolent entities often used for magical protection of self, home or royal gate. In near Eastern religion they appear as bull men, scorpion men and Ugallu. See also: Stone Age Botai - First Horse People Hesperus (Vesper) the Evening Star Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The monsters are transformed in appearance and demeanor. They assume qualities of peacefulness and kindness, but are fierce in defense. No longer are they hideous, but attractive to look upon. Because Marduk captured and defeated them, the creatures are loyal to the God and his subjects, wielding strong protective powers. Marduk is especially known for his snake-dragon Mushussu. All eleven monsters are listed HERE. See also: Mušḫuššu - Snake Dragon Animal of Marduk Reiker For Hire, Victorian Era & Nixies Rise of the Phoenicians - Early Years Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Besides the inclusion of Fish Man Kulullu in the Shurpu, another depiction is his apotropaic icon on the gate of the ká-su-lim-ma, the chamber of Marduk and his divine consort Zarpanītu. His protective qualities linked with water bring restful sleep and insightful dreams. Although Kulullu is known in Assyria, his remaining images are few. He's pictured in a marine scene at the Assyrian capital. In later Assyrian myth he's associated with Kuliltu or Fish Woman. See also: Taweret - Hippopotamus Goddess of Egypt Shumugan - God of Donkeys & Mules Ushumgallu: Dragon Lion Snake Sukkal Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Statues of Kulullu and Kulitu have been discovered in the Nabû temple in Nimrud, on the Tigris River. Kulullu and Kuliltu can be single or multiple entities, such as the birth goddesses Kotharat. The Fish People might have functions similar to the nixies of Germanic folklore or the Mesopotamian marsh goddess, Nanshe. As water spirits, they tend their habitats with care, and also relate to dreams and dream interpretation. See also: Eschenfrau: Wicked Ash Tree Woman Lavender (Lavandula) Health and Nature Ancient Greek Cultures: People of Minoa Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Kulullu is one of the demons named in tablet VIII of the Shurpu (Šurpu) incantation series, the ritual to counter a curse of unknown origin. He also appears in a hymn to Marduk and the gods of the Esagila, the great temple complex in Babylon where the statue of Marduk is kept. See also: Hyssop (Hyssopus) - Plant of Mystic Lore Lisin - Medicine Goddess of Ancients Carnelian - Gems of the Ancient World Back to Top

The mythology of storm and weather god Teshub (Teššub) goes back to the Hurrian Empire in ancient Mesopotamia and area. Beginning in the fertile Khabur valley of the Euphrates River, Hurrian civilization is a major power from c. 1600 BCE to c. 1260 BCE. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure See also: Lukka: Bronze Age Warrior Sea People Owl - Death, Messages, Mystic Wisdom Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The Hurrian empire Mitanni is well known as one of the most significant in the Bronze Age. The antagonistic forces of the Hittites and Hurrians develop their civilizations at roughly the same time. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Hurrian Storm God Teshub holds authority over Gods and mortals and plays a leadership role in the Hurrian pantheon. He rules both the sky and fresh water.  He can bring forth mountain streams. He makes decisions on weighty matters. See also: A Myth of Hahhima, Frost Demon God Ishara - Goddess of Death & Desire Ancient Deities: Proto Indo European Gods Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle He has no authority over the sea (Kiashe) or the Underworld (Kumarbi, Allani). He and his siblings often clash with Kiashe and Kumarbi. Kumarbi is especially obsessed with trying to kill Teshub, his son. He creates monsters such as Ullikummi to crush him. Hurrians have a strong effect on the mythology and culture of the Hittite Empire. Hittites adopt Hurrian gods and those of other ancient world powers. In the cross-cultural cosmologies the Hurrian Teshub equates with Hittite Storm God Tarhunna. See also: The Shekelesh - Bronze Age Mysteries Amurru - God of the Amorites Urash (Uraš) Primal Queen of the Gods Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Often pictured with a beard and handful of lightning bolts, Teshub is equated with the Babylonian weather god Adad. Adad is associated with both life-giving and destructive qualities of rain, water and floods. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Two of Teshub's companions are mountain gods, as mountains are associated with wild weather in the Bronze Age and today. From the mountains he creates live-giving rivers and springs. See also: Ancient Weather God of Nerik: Bronze Age Gods Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic Ancient Wild Predators - Eurasian Lion Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Weather Gods are among the earliest elemental deities. Storm Gods may arise from Perkʷunos of Proto-Indo-European roots to Thor and Odin of the Norse pantheon and Zeus (Rom. Jupiter) of the Greeks. Worship of a Sun Goddess, Dawn Goddess, Sun God or the divine Sun itself, is also common to most ancient cultures. In the ancient Hurrian world, Teshub rules storms, winds, lightning, thunder and rain, tornados, as well as floods, mudslides and other water induced disasters. As a nature entity of dual or contrasting characteristics, he also helps plants grow with gentle rains. See also: German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root Hannahanna - Great Grandmother Goddess Before the Vikings - Nordic Bronze Age Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Divine Twin bulls, Šeri and Ḫurri, pull his chariot. The bulls also manifest as human figures as separate Gods who are always together. In this way Šeri and Ḫurri resemble the primordial Divine Horse Twins, who pull the chariot of the Sun and help humankind. Divine Twins are common throughout ancient mythology in both sacrificial and creation contexts. See also: Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The "mother" of Teshub is Kumarbi, Father of the Gods. The father of Teshub is Sky God Anu. Kumarbi and Anu battle for kingship. Kumarbi bites off Anu's genitals and becomes impregnated with Teshub. Kumarbi's head must be split open so Teshub can be born. It's reminiscent of the Greek Titan Saturn, who cut off his father's testicles with a sickle to become King of the Gods. This in turn could come from ancient fertility beliefs, in which the sperm is released onto the land. Saturn is also a God of agriculture. See also: Mercury (Quicksilver): Miracle Metal of Alchemy Warrior Queen: Kriemhild of the Burgundians Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The Cult of the Bull values both sperm and blood as the essence of life and fertility. In some early beliefs the sperm of the Bull runs through his bones. The Bulls Šeri and Ḫurri who draw Teshub's cart or chariot go back to the early Bronze Age in mythology, first mentioned in Syria. Šeri also functions as an intermediary between the god and mortals. See also: Earth Mother - Goddess of Life Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Ancient Deities: Proto Indo European Gods Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle A Hurrian hymn of the 15th century BCE recognizes Anu as the father of Teshub (Teššop) and Kumarbi as his mother: "You are the strong one, which I (praise), the bull calf of Anu! You are the strong one, which I (praise), your father Anu begot you, your mother Kumarbi brought you to life. For the city of Aleppo I summon him, Teššop, for the pure throne." Hurrian offering lists or kaluti hold records of entities to whom offerings can be made. They mention the sequences of deities associated with Teshub. About twenty-five in all, they include Šimige the Hurrian Sun God; and Ḫešui the Hurrian war god, later incorporated into the pantheon of the Hittites. See also: Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic Cult of the Bull - Prehistoric Aurochs Sun Goddesses of World Mythology Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books The goddess wife of Teshub is Ḫepat, whose worship initially takes place in northern Syria. Her major center of worship is Aleppo, Syria. She has her own entourage and circle of deities on the god lists. Her Hittite equivalent is the Sun Goddess of Arinna or a more local Goddess, Pidray of Ugarit. For strategic reasons Hepat marries several Weather Gods in the course of history. See also: Sun Goddesses of World Mythology Art, Power and the Calamitous Crusade Shaushka (Šauška) - the Great Goddess Back to Top

Hannahanna is the great grandmother goddess of the Hittites. She features in several myths usually following the exploits of her children's children. She shows up to save the world from the clutches of Hahhima the Frost Demon after the defeat of the Gods. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure See also: A Myth of Hahhima, Frost Demon God Hashamili - Metal Work & Smith God Uluburun - Bronze Age Shipwreck Her name comes from hanna, meaning grandmother. The double usage makes her a Great Grandmother or the grandmother of grandmothers. Hannahanna is eternal. She's older than the earth and sky, created by the cosmic life force. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure She teaches the younger gods about ancient medicine, rites and rituals. They need to pass the wisdom down to the humans of the mortal realm. Sometimes the humans are slow to catch on. See also: Lukka: Bronze Age Warrior Sea People Owl - Death, Messages, Mystic Wisdom Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Entire civilizations collapse while the Gods are waiting for them to develop the wheel. Thus at various times during the evolution of humans, the Gods also send teachers or wise ones among them. The wise ones impart new skills. They teach humans the way to smelt ores, how to use medicinal herbs, how to spin wool fibers and otherwise assist the evolution of humanity. See also: Byblos Vibrant Port City: the Egyptians Cilicia (Kazziwatna) - Bounty & Booty Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books In Mesopotamia, Anatolia and surrounding regions, humans are created to serve the Gods. This mentality is at the core of religion. If the humans don't fulfill their tasks, or if they fail to show respect to the gods, the deities get angry and sicken or torment them. While the humans live to serve the gods, at the same time the Gods have to care for the humans. If the people all get sick and die, who will supply the food of the Gods, and who will tend their houses of worship? See also: Butzemann, Witches & Nyx - Scare 'em Good Taweret - Hippopotamus Goddess of Egypt Ugarit - Trade Hub of Bronze Age Syria Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Who will provide with Gods with praises, entertainments and festivals? Sometimes a tutelary deity leaves her town because of neglectful worship, or symbolically dies. This can cause land infertility, bad weather, earthquakes, social destruction by inner or outer forces, or economic collapse. Hannahanna plays little part in the antics of the younger Gods. She prefers peace and quiet. She's considered a stabilizing entity, a cosmic primordial power of wholistic balance, pre-dating the ancient deities. See also: Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients Bronze Age Trade of Mesopotamia Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books She casts an aura of harmony. Hannahanna is often called upon to find divinities who go missing, such as the the God Telipinu or the Sun God or Goddess. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure In a partly-lost myth, Hannahanna gets frustrated and disappears in anger. When she vanishes, livestock such as cows and goats suffocate, and no mother cares for her children. A terrible darkness falls upon the land. See also: Apkallu - Seven Sages of Mesopotamia Sphinx - Mythical Monster of Ancients Yazilikaya: Sacred Site of the Hittites Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle She must banish her anger to the Dark Earth (Dankuš daganzipaš, Dankuš tekan) the Hittite Underworld. After releasing her anger into the Dark Earth she returns rejoicing. Mothers care once more for their young ones and everyone can breathe again. Another way of expelling her anger is by burning brushwood, twigs and small branches. As a mother goddess she's connected to the nurturing force of trees. She allows the vapor to enter her body and cleanse her of negative energy. See also: Lelwani - Hittite Underworld Goddess Ancient Greek Cultures: People of Minos Ishum: Night Watchman & Fire God Today's Zazzle Specials Smashwords Books Hannahanna is not known to have a consort, though she may have borne / created up to eighty children, who also have children. It could be yet another source of the thousands of Goddesses, Gods, sukkals, demons, spirits and supernatural entities of the Hittite pantheon. See also: Ornithomancy - Prophecy by the Birds Suri (Śuri): Ancient Etruscan Fire God Copper - Ruddy Metal of Mystic Magic Back to Top